tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27046678327405553742024-03-16T11:52:06.362-07:00The Law StudyThis is a best website of LLB and Law topics. Full explain all LLB and other topics.this is a best site to provide old LLB papersfirsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.comBlogger406125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-2154215655246881042017-12-03T08:47:00.002-08:002017-12-03T08:47:48.156-08:00Set off Code of Civil Procedure<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
Introduction</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
plea of payment refers to the extinguishments of the debt prior to the raising
of such debt after such plea is raised. Set-off can only be claimed where the
plaintiff and defendant are reciprocally debtors of each other. Where a set-off
is claimed the whole of it must be claimed or the balance will be hit. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
Effect of Set-off</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
effect to a set-off pleaded in a written statement is that such written
statement shall have the same effect as a plaint in a cross suit. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
Conditions, as to set-off</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A defendant
may claim a set-off, if the following conditions are present</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
i.
The suit must be one for the recovery of money.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
ii. The
amount claimed to be set-off an ascertained sum of recovery. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
iii.
It must be legally recoverable. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
iv.
It must be recoverable by the defendant or by all the defendants, from the
plaintiff or all the plaintiffs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
v.
The claim must not exceed the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the court
in which the suit is brought. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
vi.
Both parties must filed, in the defendants claim to set-off the same character
as in the plaintiff's suit. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
vii.
The claim must be made at the first hearing. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
Defendant's status in set-off case</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
amount claimed as set-off the defendant has the status of a plaintiff and a
decree can also be passed in his favor. Where the plaintiff fails to appear his
suit can be dismissed in default and ex-parte decree, on the basis of the
set-off can be passed against him. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV)
Withdrawal of Plaintiff</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Even
where the plaintiff withdraw his suit, a decree can be passed against him in favor
of a defendant claiming a set-off. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V)
Time regarding set-off</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
set-off should be specifically pleaded in the written statement, otherwise it
may be disallowed. It must be raised at the first hearing. As such it cannot be
raised for the first time in appeal, or in execution but the court may allow
the written statement, to be amended to enable a set-off.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VI)
Time regarding set-off</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
set-off can be claimed in any suit in which the relief sought is the recovery
of money, as for instance a suit on a negotiable instrument. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
But
a suit for dissolution of partnership and accounts or a suit for redemption, or
for the enforcement of a mortgage where the right to personal decree is barred,
are not money suits. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VII)
Fixed Amount Claim</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
set-off should be claimed for a known and fixed amount, regardless of whether
it is admitted or denied by the plaintiff i.e. for liquidated amount.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VII)
Illustration</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
sues B on a bill of exchange. B alleges that A has wrongfully neglected to
insure B's goods and is liable to him in compensation which he claims to
set-off. The amount not being ascertained cannot be set-off.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
But
where the amount has to be ascertained after taking accounts or determining the
defendant's share, set-off cannot be claimed. But the mere fact that
calculation is necessary does not rendered the claim uncertain where the
defendant's claim is not f an ascertained sum he can bring a cross suit against
the plaintiff.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IX)
Equitable Set-off</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
the amount claimed is unascertained, equitable set-off may be allowed, apart
from the legal set-off permissible under this rule and a claim for this can be
made in the written statement. The 'distinction between the two is that a legal
set-off is claimable as a matter of right, but not so an equitable set-off
where in Court has the discretion either to adjudicate upon it or order it to
be determined by a separate suit. But the claim to equitable set-off must have
arisen out, of the same transaction. Where it arises out of a different
transaction equitable set-off cannot be claimed. In England, legal setoff was
allowed by Courts of Common Law and equitable set-off by Courts of Equity. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(X)
Amount as to set-off</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
sum cannot said to be legally recoverable where the plaintiff is not bound by
law to pay it, or where he is not liable to the defendant in respect of that
debt.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XI)
Examples</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are examples of claims which are not le all recoverable</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
A claim which is barred by res, judicata.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
or a claim barred by limitation on the date of the suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Or a claim based on a decree incapable of execution. In cases of equitable
set-off a barred debt can be pleaded. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XII)
Mutual Dealing</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
claim and the set-off should be for debts due from and to the same parties in
the same legal character i.e., the dealing should be mutual.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Illustration</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
dies intestate and in debt to B. C takes o administration of A's effects and B
buys parts of the effects from C. In a suit for the purchase-money to C against
B, the latter cannot set off the debt against the price, for C fills two
different Characters one as the vendor to B, in which he sues B and the other
as representative to A.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
joint debt and a separate debt cannot be set-off against one another unless the
liability is joint and several.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XIII)
Extent of Claim</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Claim
should not exceed pecuniary jurisdiction of the Court. The value of the claim
and the set-off separately, should be within the Combined they exceed such
limits. The same rule applies to an equitable set-off.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XIV)
No Bar to Subsequent suit</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
defendant is not bound to claim as set-off and where he omits to do so, a
subsequent suit for the same will not be barred but if a set-off is claimed, it
should be for the entire amount due.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XV)
Court Fee</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Court
fee is payable on the full amount claimed by way of set-off legal or equitable
and a counter-claim as if such written statement were a plate. Where proper
court fee has not been affixed the defendant must be directed to do so is the
case with plaint. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XVI)
Appeal</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
preliminary order disposing of a claim to set-off is not appealable but it may
be attacked. </div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-39390435247953558972017-12-02T12:09:00.000-08:002017-12-02T12:09:47.046-08:00Exemption of Property from Attachment and Sale<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
INTRODUCTION</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
court has no power under the code to prescribed what course a decree holder has
to take or realization of his claim or inherit property he can attach. The
decree holder is free to attach any properties as he likes. He is not restricted
to attaching properties of the judgment debtor necessary for the satisfaction
of the decree. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
RELEVANT PROVISION OF LAW</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Relevant
provision of law regarding to concerned topic is section 60 of CPC (Code of
Civil Procedure)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
OBJECT</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
object of section 60 of the Civil Procedure Code seems to provide 50% of the
salary to the government employee as subsistence allowance so that he may
maintain his family. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>4.
PROPERTY LIABLE TO ATTACHMENT AND SALE IN EXECUTION OF DECREE UNDER SECTION 60
OF CPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
section declares what properties are liable to attachment and sale in execution
of a decree and what properties are exempt properties attachable under this
section are declared to be not attachable in execution of decree. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
Property </u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
includes every possible interest which a person can have in any kind of
property, whether movable or immovable. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Example:
</b>Vested beneficial interest, tangible interest in property. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
Saleable Property</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
word saleable means saleable by auction at compulsory sale under the orders of
the court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Example:
The equity of redemption of a mortgagor property is saleable property and is
liable to be attached and sold in execution of a decree against him. A
preliminary decree for the realization of unpaid consideration on a mortgage
bond is attached under it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
Government grant containing prohibition again Alienation</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a government grant contains a prohibition against alienation of an estate and
the power of voluntary transfer is thus taken away and the judgment debtor is
only entitled to enjoy profit during his lifetime, the decree holder can
proceed only against the profits and not against the estate.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV)
Security Deposit</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Money
or other valuable security, deposited as security for the due performance of
duty by a servant with his master may be attached in execution of a decree
against the servant but the attachment will be subject to the lien which the
master has upon the deposit and the deposit cannot be sold until the same is at
the disposal of the servant and free from lien of the master at the expiration
of the period of employment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V)
Land Assigned for Maintenance</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
land was assigned to a Hindu widow for her maintenance with a proviso against
alienation, it was held that she had no saleable interest in the usufruct.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VI)
Attachment</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Case
Law: Shahid Baig vs. Ghaffar Ahmad</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
this case there is difference between monthly salary which is to be attached
and amount recoverable by a government employ on account of wrongful dismissal
in pursuance of direction of court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VII)
Attachment of Money Deposited with Bank</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is well settled that as between the bank and its constituents, the current
credit balance of the latter is a debt payable as such although no demand is
made for its payment. Vested beneficial interest of judgment debtor under a
trust deed is not exempt attachment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VIII)
Contingent Interest</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
mere contingent interest although transferable is not attachable.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IX)
Service of Public Nature</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Hand
burdened with the performance of a service of public nature is inalienable and
cannot be attached. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(X)
Disposing Power</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
property may not belong to a judgment debtor and yet he may have disposing power
over it exercisable for his own benefit. In such cases, the property is liable
to attachment and sale subject to the provision to this section.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XI)
Trustee of a Charity</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
trustee of a religious endowment has no disposing power the corpus of the trust
estate exercisable for his own benefit can be attached.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XII)
Auctioneer</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
An
auctioneer has no disposing power over whole of the sale proceeds of goods sold
by'him, but only over that portion of its which represents his commission.
Hence, whole of the sale proceed, in the hands of an auctioneer cannot be
attached in execution of a decree against him but only so much of it as
represents his commission.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XIII)
Life Policy</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
a married man effects a policy on his own life and the policy is expressed on
the fact of it to be for the benefit of his wife, or of his wife and children
or any of them, the declaration on the face of ' policy that the policy is for
the benefit of his wife or children to create a trust and the insured has a
disposing power over the policy for his own benefit and the policy may be
attached by his creditors, unless it has been assigned as provided by section
130 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, or a trust has been declared in
respect thereof as provided by section 5 of the Trust Act, 1882.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XIV)
Debts</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Debits
are liable to attachment and sale. A debt is an obligation to pay a liquidated
sum of money. Money that has not yet become due does not constitute a debt, for
there is no obligation to Pay that which has not yet become due.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5.
EXEMPTION OF PROPERTY FROM ATTACHMEN AND SALE</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
NECESSARY ARTICLES:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Necessary Wearing Apparels</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Necessary
wearing apparels of a person cannot be attached in execution. The exemption
applied to jewellery worn by a Hindu married woman.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Cooking Vessels</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
includes vessels required for cooking operation such as a thali and a gagru and
they cannot be attached in execution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
NECESSARY TOOLS<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Tools of Artisans</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
soap boiler who practices the art of making soap is an artisan and the
paraphernalia of his soap factory tools of an artisan. So also all utensils used
for making sweetmeats and sewing machines in a tailor's shop.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Exception:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Musician,
washerman, surgeons and doctors are not artisans.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Agriculturist</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</script>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person is order to fall in the definition of agriculturist must be
agriculturist by profession and, solely dependent upon agriculture for his
livelihood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Implements of Husbandry</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
will include an;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(a) engine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b) a water pump necessary to irrigate
fields</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(c) charaks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(d) Kadhasi and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(e) a tractor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
NECESSARY BUILINGS<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Houses Occupied by Agriculturists</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
House
of agriculturists used only for agriculture purposes is exempted from
attachment and sale; Where the judgment
debtor was a big landlord and cultivated his land through managers and hairs
the bungalow of such agriculturist was held to be not exempted from attachment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>(IV)
RIGHT OF DAMAGES</i><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
Right to sue for damages<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red;"><a href="http://thelawstudy.blogspot.com/2017/12/mesne-profit-under-section-212-of-cpc.html" target="_blank">Mesne profits</a></span> are in the nature of damages and the
right to sue, for mesne profits, is a right to sue for "damages".
Such a right cannot be, therefore, attached and sold in execution of a decree against
the entitled to the right.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V)
RIGHT OF SERVICE<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Right of Personal Service</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
Priest's share in the net balance of the offering to a deity may be attached
and sold. Money due to firm or managing agents is not for personal service and
sot can be attached.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VI)
PERSONAL BENEFITS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Gratuities allowed by Government</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
gratuity referred to in this section is a bonus allowed by Government to its
servants in consideration of past service. It may be allowed to one who is not
a pensioner or it may be allowed to a pensioner in addition to his pension. In
either case, it is exempt from attachment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Political Pensions</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
All
pensions of a political nature payable directly by the Government are political
pensions. A pension for which the Government has .given a guarantee that it
will pay a treaty obligations contracted with another sovereign power is a
political pension.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(Vll)
PERSONAL EARNINGS<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Wages of Labourers</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
labourer is a person who earns his daily bread by personal and manual labour,
or in occupation which required title or no .art skill or previous education.
Thus, a person who agrees to spin cotton and to receive a certain amount of
money for a certain quantity of cotton spun by them are labourers and their
wages cannot be attached.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Salary</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
scope of this clause is widened and it applies to all salaries and it gives the
additional protection to three classes of person, namely</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(a) government officers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b) person in the employ of a Railway
Company and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(c) those who employed by a local authority.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
salary can be attached partially, except where it does not exceeds Rs. 100/-
monthly, in which case, whole of it is exempt for attachment. In view of this
exemption, it was held that a public officer could not be required to pay into
court a part of his salary as a Condition precedent to his blip adjudged
insolvent.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VIII)
Deductions Made from the Employees:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
Compulsory Deposits in Provident Funds</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
compulsory deposit cannot be attached so long as it retains the character of
compulsory deposit. An objection to attachment of compulsory deposit can be
made by the garnishee.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IX) Succession<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Expectancy
of Succession, etc:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
interest which a reversionary has in the property of a person on the death is
an expectancy of succession by survivorship. In other words, it is an interest
expectant on the death to which the reversionary can only succeed if he
survives.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(X)
Future Maintenance:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Right to Future Maintenance</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
right to future maintenance cannot be attached. However, such right amounts to
an interest or charge upon property. It is not exempt from attachment. A court
can attach arrears of maintenance. An annuity is not a right to future
maintenance and it may be attached and sold. A receiver can be appointed to realize
the maintenance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>6.
WHEN OBJECTION TO BE RAISED THAT PROPERTY NOT LIABLE TO ATTACHMENT AND SALE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Objections
to attachment if raised by a party to the suit in which the decree is passed,
shall be determined by the court executing the decree under section 47 and a
separate suit will be barred by a third party, it shall be determined either by
means of proceedings. An objections can be taken at any stage and its
provisions cannot be waived. The objection may be barred by the principle of
constructive res judicata. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7.
CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude that section 60 of C.P.C declares that what properties are liable to
attachment and sale in execution of decree and what properties are exempted
from attachment and sale.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-83325910552212505872017-12-02T08:02:00.000-08:002017-12-02T08:02:35.181-08:00Mesne Profit under Section 2(12) of CPC<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
INTRODUCTION</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Mesne
profits are profits to which a person is entitled but from, which he has been
kept out by the defendant. The profit lost to the owner of the land by reason
of his having been wrongfully dispossessed of his land. A claim for mesne
profit is usually joined with the action for recovery of the possession of the
land.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
RELEVANT PROVISION OF LAW</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Relevant
provision of law regarding to concerned topic are:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Section 2(12) of C.P.C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Order 2, Rule 4 and order 20 Rule 12 of C.P.C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
LITERAL MANNING OF MESNE PROFITS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Mesne"
means, <i>intermediate, intervening, the middle between two extremes and
especially of ranks of time as envisaged under section 2(12).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>4.
DEFINITION OF MESNE PROFIT</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
According to Section 2(12) of the C.P.C:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Mesne
profits of property means "those profits which the person is wrongful
possession of such property actually received or might with ordinary diligence
have received there from together with interest on such profits but shall not
include profits due to improvements made by the person in wrongful
possession".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
Simple Definition</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
denotes damages and compensation recoverable from a person who has been
wrongful possession, it means that profit which the plaintiff has lost by
reason of the wrongful act of defendant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Example:<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Mesne
profit can be claimed only regarding immovable property and not for movable
property.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5.
EXPLANATION OF MESNE PROFIT</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Calculation
of Mesne Profit:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
should be awarded on the basis of actual profits which the wrong doer received
or which he might have been received with ordinary diligence. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
Wrongful Possession</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
means that the person who has no right to possession as against the party
claiming it is in wrongful possession as against that Party for a certain
purposes including mesne profits but not wrongful for all purposes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
Interest on mesne profit</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
includes the right to interest on the profits that proceeds on the theory that
the person . in wrongful possession appropriating income from the property
himself gets the benefits of the interest of such income.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>Example:</u></i></b>
The decree holder is entitled to interest up to the date of realization of the
mesne profits.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV)
Rate of interest</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
be allowed on the mesne profit in discretionary as there is no questions of any
contractual rate or any particular rate fixed by statute.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V)
Suit for recovery of mesne profit</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Plaint
clearly showing that plaintiff not only prayed for mesne profits for period up
to the decision of case. Court below was justified in allowing mesne profits up
to date of decision of case with order to plaintiff to pay court Fee in respect
of compensation awarded to him beyond period of three years contention that
court could not award mesne profits beyond period of 3 years was repelled in
circumstances.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VI)
Mesne Profits do not effect pecuniary jurisdiction</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
value of a suit for the recovery of possession and mesne profits is the value
of the immovable property plus mesne profit up to date of suit mesne profit
after suit do not from rent of the cause of action even there be a prayer in
the plaint for mesne profits after suit.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
PROOF OF MESNE PROFIT</b></h3>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
order to get the mesne profit of property the plaintiff will have to show</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(a) that
the defendant was in possession during the whole of his period for which the
mesne profit are demanded.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b)
that the possession of the defendant was wrongful (b) that the possession of
the defendant was wrongful and was not under the color of any right.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
Order 2, rule 4</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In a
suit for the recovery of immovable property may be Joined claims for mesne
profit in respect of the property claimed or any rent thereof.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>(i)
Example:<o:p></o:p></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
suit for possession of land is however, a Bat to a subsequent suit for mesne
profit of such land.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Case Law Muhammad Amin vs. Vakil Ahmad:</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Held:
In this case held that a claim for mesne profit cannot be allowed unless there
is a demand of it. The claim would not be included within the expression
awarding possession, occupation of the property aforesaid together with all the
rights appearing thereto.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
Order 20 rule 12; Decree for possession of mesne profits</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
this rule, four types of decree can be passed:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
A final decree for possession of immovable property</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
A final decree for past mesne profits.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
A preliminary decree directing accounts respecting past mesne profits.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv)
A preliminary decree directing an inquiry as to the amount of future mesne
profit upto the point specified.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7.
COMPARISON UNDER INDIAN LIMITATION ACT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
defendant is liable for all mesne profits received by him or which he might
with ordinary diligence have received during the 3 years before suit and not
before Article 109 of the limitation Act.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>8.
ASCERTAIN THE MESNE PROFIT</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
order to ascertain the mesne profit, the court is to taken into account not
what the plaintiff has lost by his exclusion, but what the defendant has or
reasonably might have made by his wrongful possession mesne profit, profits of
property, interests on such profits.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Case Law: Granish vs. Soshi Skildar:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
this case, the court held that the mesne profits are due from the moment possession
is wrongfully held by the defendant an interest on such mesne profit is due
from the day on which each instilments becomes due. A decree which is salient
as to interest must, be taken to mean that mesne profit shall carry interest on
them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>Note</u></i></b>:
Mesne profit are in the nature of damages and the right to sue for mesne profit
is the right to sue for damages. Such a right cannot be attached and sold in
execution of a decree against the person entitled to the decree under section
60.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>9.
Conclusion</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
to
conclude that mesne profit is compensation which is awarded against persons in
wrongful possession of property is known as mesne profit. It can be claimed by
a person entitled to actual possession of such property. Such profits can be
claimed with respect to immovable property only. Person claiming mesne profits
would have to pay court fee for arrears claimed by him without payment of such
court fee no arrear of mesne profits if any, could be awarded by claimant. </div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-45705619049046144212017-12-02T07:07:00.000-08:002017-12-02T07:07:42.592-08:00Objection to Territorial Jurisdiction<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>1.
Introduction<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
concept of jurisdiction is very important in law because the courts get power
and tuthority to inquire into facts, apply the law and decide judgments only if
it has jurisdiction . One of the restrictions / limitations upon the jurisdiction
of the court is bar of territorial jurisdiction and a general rule the
decisions of the court which has no territorial jurisdiction are void but
section 21 of C.P.C provides an exception to this general rule which tells the
stage and time where the opposite party of the suit should take an objection to
the territorial jurisdiction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>2.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
is the relevant provisions of C.P.C regarding to the</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
concerned
topic</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(I)
Section 21 of C.P.C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(II)
<b><i>Cross Reference:</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
11 of Suit Valuation Act 1887</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3.
MEANING OF TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
According to Black's Law dictionary Meaning<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Territory
over which a government or a subdivision thereof or court has
jurisdiction".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
According to Halsbury Second Edition; Vol.8:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>By
jurisdiction is meant the authority which a court has to decide matters that
are litigated before it or to take cognizance of matters presented in a formal
way for its decision</i>".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.
REASONS FOR IMPORTANCE OF TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) To
know the circumstances of the case</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Convenience to the parties</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
To collect evidence</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv)
To execute decree against judgment debtor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5.
EFFECT OF TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
General Rule<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
general rule of law' is that an order passed by a court not having jurisdiction
is nullity in the eyes of law.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Exceptions
to the general. Rule:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(I) Exception
under section 21 of C.P.C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Exception under section 11 of Suit Valuation Act, 1887</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
OBJECTIONS TO JURISDICTION UNDER SECTION 21 OF C.P.C.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
Time For Raising Objections<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
objection to the territorial jurisdiction of the court must be taken at the earliest
possible opportunity and a decree passed by a court not having territorial
jurisdiction over the subject matter of the , suit will not be set aside if
objection to the jurisdiction of the court had not been raised at the earliest
possible opportunity. [2002 CLC 159]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
Raising of Objections at Appellate or Revisional Stage:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
General Rule:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to section 21 of C.P.C, objections as to the territorial jurisdiction of the
court cannot be raised at appellate or revisional stage.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
Exception<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Objection
to the territorial jurisdiction can be allowed
to be raised in appeal or revision proceedings in the following
circumstances</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(a)
Objection Raised in the Court of First Instance<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• Where objection has been raised by
the party in the court of first instance at the earliest possible opportunity
and in all cases where issues, are settled at or before such settlement. [2003
SCMR 686].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• This raising objection before the
court o first instance which was in time, gives ,the party a right to
reasserted the same objection before the superior courts. But where party
raises an objection to the territorial jurisdiction before the court of first
instance at a late stage which is rejected by the coo then it bars the remedy
against such rejection.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• Where there is a failure of a
justice as a consequence of wrongful assumption of jurisdiction by the court
and this can be determine by the court by assessing the merits of the case.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7.
FAILURE OF RAISING OBJECTIONS ON TIME<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
the party fails to raise an objection to the territorial jurisdiction on time
then it will deemed to have been waived such a right and the decision of the
court will be res Judicata by virtue of section 11 of C.P.C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>8.
PARTY WHO CAN RAISE AN OBJECTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Only
defendant party to the suit can raise an objection to the territorial
jurisdiction of the court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
9.
SCOPE OF SECTION 21 OF CPC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Section
21 only talks about the territorial jurisdiction of the court and it does not
apply to the cases of want to pecuniary jurisdiction. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>10.
Conclusion<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To conclude
that territorial jurisdiction is a restriction / limitation upon the
jurisdiction of the court without territorial jurisdiction is void but for this
there must be an objection by the party to the jurisdiction of the court at the
earliest opportunity in the court of first instance and the objection at the
appellate or provisional stage is barred except in certain circumstances. Where
party fails to raise such an objection at the earliest opportunity than the
decisions of the court shall no the void. The section 21 of C.P.C is based on
principle of equity and the object is that the objections to territorial
jurisdiction should be raised in the form of preliminary objections in the
court of first instance. </div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-24165396049735993372017-12-02T01:40:00.002-08:002017-12-02T01:43:24.969-08:00Principle of Res Judicata under Code of Civil Procedure<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
INTRODUCTION</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
common Law doctrine of Res Judicata gives respect and finality to the Judicial
decisions: This doctrine has been incorporated in section 11, of C P.C. based
on the general rule, that man shall not be twice vexed, for the same cause. The
bar of Res Judicata contained in section 11 would be fully attracted when
matter involved in second suit was the same as involved in previous litigation
up to High Court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the relevant provision of C.P.C regarding the topic of Res Judicata.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(I)
Section 11 of C.P.C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(II)
<b><i>Cross Reference<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Section 151 of C.P.C </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Section 403 Cr.P.C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
MEANING OF RES JUDICATA</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>The
term Res judicata Signifies, that the matter in dispute has been considered and
finally settled, and that the adjudication has a conclusive effect, upon the
rights determined</i>".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>4.
DEFINTITION OF RESJUDICATA</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>(I)
According to Spencer Sower:<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Res
judicata means final judicial decision pronounced by a judicial tribunal having
competent jurisdiction over the cause or matter in litigation and over the
parties thereto".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
According to justice Das Gupta</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
doctrine of Res Judicata has been explained in the simplest manner by justice
Das Gupta in the case of satyadhyn vs. Deorjn Debi, in the following words.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>The
principle of Res Judicata is based on the need of giving a finality to judicial
decision</i>".</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>5.
COMMON LAW PRINCIPLE OF RES JUDICATA</u></b></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
common Law principle of Res Judicata can be discussed as under.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>LEADING
CASE OF DUCHESS OF KINGSTONES'S CASE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
this case Sir William de Grey summarize the doctrine of res judicata in his
judgment in the following words.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"From
the variety of cases relative to judgments being given in evidence in civil
suit, these two deduction seems to follow as generally true.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Firstly:
Judgment,</b> of a Court of concurrent jurisdiction, directly upon a point is
conclusive between the same parties upon the same matter directly in question
in another Court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Secondly:
Judgment</b>, of a court of exclusive jurisdiction, directly upon the point is,
conclusive between the same parties upon the same matter, coming incidentally
question, in another Court.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
BASIS OF PRINCIPLE OF RES JUDICATA</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
rule of res judicata is based on the ground of public policy. If litigations
between parties on the same subject matter involving the same issue are allowed
to proceed there can be no end to litigation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
Case Law: Bahadur vs. Umar Hayat (PLD 1993)</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Res
Judicata is based on the consideration, that it would result in hardship to
individual, if he were to be vexed twice for the same cause, and it is in the
interest of state, that there should be an end to litigation".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>THE
DOCTRINE OF RES-JUDICATA IS BASED ON THREE MAXIMS.</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Namo debt lix Vexari Prouna et eaden causa:</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"No
man should be vexed (annoy) twice over for the same cause".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Interest republicae ut sit finislitium</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"It
is in the interest of the state that there should be an end to a
litigation".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Resjudicata Proveritate Occipitur</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"A
judicial decision must be accepted as correct".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>According
to Sir Lawrence Jenking:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"The
rule of res judicata, while foundation account of precedent is directed by a
wisdom which is for all time".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Thus
the doctrine of Res Judicata is the combined result of public policy reflected
in maxims (ii) and (iii) and private justice: expressed in maxim (i) and they
apply to all judicial proceeding whither- civil or criminal. But this rule
there would be no end to litigation and no security for any person, the rights
of person would be involved -endless confusion and great injustice done under
cover of the law. The principle is founded on justice, equity and good
conscience.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7.
REASONS FOR RES JUDICATA</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the reasons for the principle of Res Judicata.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
EFFICIENCY OF COURT</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Efficiency
of Court requires, that finality should be given judicial decisions and res
judicata works for this purpose.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
PUBLIC CONVENIENCE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is for the public convenience, that having been tried one all litigation about
that cause should be concluded forever between those parties.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
MAINTENANCE OF SOCIETY</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
maintenance of Public order and society requires that, what has been definitely
determined by competent tribunals shall be accepted as legal truth.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV)
SECURITY OF RIGHTS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
the principle of Res Judicata not apply then the most important function of
Government that of. ascertaining and enforcing persons rights, would go
unfulfilled.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>8.
PRINCIPLE OF RES JUDICATA U/S 11 C.P.C</b></h2>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is not every matter decided in a former suit that can be pleaded, as res
judicata in a subsequent suit, but in order to constitute a matter res judicata
the following conditions must be present.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Case
Law: 2002 CLC KAR. 1620</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
principle of Res Judicata is embodied in section 11 of C.P.C. by virtue of
which subsequent Court is barred to try a suit, where the matter, directly and
substantially in issue, is been decided by a Court of competent jurisdiction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS/CONDITIONS FOR THE APPLICABILITY OF SECTION 11:</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
apply section 11 following essentials ingredients/ conditions must be
fulfilled;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Same Matter in issue</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
All
the matter in issue must be same in both the suits. The term matter means
necessary facts, constituting the claim or defense.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Directly
or substantially:</b> Matter in both suits must be directly and substantially
same.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"A
matter shall be directly in issue which have been alleged by one party and
either denied or admitted expressly or impliedly by the other". "A
matter shall be substantially i issue if it is important and valuable for the
decision of the case".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Same Parties</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Both
the suits must have been between the same, parties or their representatives
under whom they or any of them claim. For the purposes of res judicata a person
can either be;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) a party or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Claim under a party i.e. privy</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) or be represented by a party to a
suit, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv) be a complete stranger</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Examples:</i></b>
If A sues B for a declaration of title to a certain land and obtains a decree
and A, then sues C for possession and C contends that B is the owner of the
land and he is in possession as tenant of B the defense is barred by the principle
of Res Judicata.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Ordinarily,</b>
a person whose name appears on the record as a plaintiff or defendant at the
time of the decision of the suit, is a party for the purposes of res judicata,
but where the name is omitted in the formal order by mistake such person will
still be bound. A person who intervenes in a suit will be considered to be a
party. A judgment as such will not operate as res judicata upon some persons,
even though they may have been parties to the suit at same stage.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>For
Instance:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
A party whose name is struck off or who is discharged from the suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
A person whose name is born on the record fraudulently and without his
knowledge.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
A person whose application be made a party has been refused.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Same Title</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• The parties must be contesting in
both the suits, under the same title;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• The term "Titles" refers
to the legal capacity on interest of a party of legal personality of a party.
In order that a matter be res judicata not only should the parties be the same,
but such parties should litigating under the
same title as in the former suit. The title will be the same in the
following cases.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Former
suit as husband's heir and subsequent suit as claimant for dower.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Former suit against firm and subsequent suit against partner thereof.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• A verdict against a man suing in
one capacity will not stop him when he sues in another capacity. Thus where a
suit is brought by a person for possession of math property in the mi capacity
of an heir of the deceased mahant but the suit fails because of his failure to
establish heir ship, he is not debarred to bring another suit in the capacity
of manager of the math property.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• The title of a property has nothing
to do with the subject matter of the suit, or the cause of action. All that is
to be seen that the matters directly and substantially in issue must be the same
in both suits where the parties to the former suit and the subsequent suit are
the same but they are not legitimating under the same title, the decision in
the former suit will not be Res Judicata in the subsequent suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
First suit must be DECIDED</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• Such matter in issue in a
subsequent suit must have been heard and finally decided by the Court in the first
suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• The term res judicata indicates
that the matter has already been adjudicated upon in a former suit. A matter
will be res judicata only if it has been heard and finally decided.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• There must be final decision of the
matter. It is not sufficient for the applicability of this doctrine that the
matter was directly and substantially in issue. It is of the very essence that
such matter was heard and finally decided. A matter cannot be said to have been
heard and finally decided unless the finding on the issue was necessary for the
determination of the suit and finding cannot be said to be necessary to the
decision unless the appeal lies against the finding.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• A long as a matter is pending
adjudication, a court may very its earlier orders, but the parties cannot be
allowed to reopen such matter, but a court having finally decided a matter,
cannot reopen the same at a large stage of the proceedings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
• If the appeal is withdrawn
dismissed in fault or dismissed on a preliminary point with the appellate court
having discussed the merits of the case, the decision of the lower court
remains intact and will continue to operate as res judicata. Further it is the
decision that creates the bar and not the decree. It is not necessary that the
decision should have been incorporated in the decree.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Illustration:</i></b>
A sues B to recover certain property belonging to the estate of C alleging that
his father had been adopted by C's brother, D to whom the property decanted on
C's death. The suit is dismissed on the ground that the adoption is not proved.
A then sues B to recover the same property claiming it as C's bandhu. The suit
is barred as res judicata. A ought to have claimed the property in the first
suit in the alternative as C's bandhu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v)
Competency of Court</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Court which decided the former suit, means the suit which has been decided
prior to the suit in question, whether or not it was instituted prior in tame,
must be competent to try the subsequent suit. The effect of this condition is
that the court which tired the former suit and the court trying the subsequent
suit should be courts of concurrent jurisdiction. The term competent as used in
section II refers to competence of the former court to try the whole of the
subsequent suit. It is competence of the former trail court that is to be
established and not that of the appellate court which may have finally
determined the matter.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
BAR TO TRY SUBSEQUENT SUIT</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
conditions of section 11 are fulfilled, it bars the jurisdiction of a court to
try a subsequent suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>9.
SCOPE OF RES JUDICATA</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Said
principle can be applied to proceedings other than suits viz. constitutional
petitions, rent applications, and cases before the settlement authorities.
[2002 CLC Kar. 1620]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>10.
CONSTRUCTIVE RES JUDICATA</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
doctrine of constructive Res Judicata is embodied in explanation IV to sec 11
of C.P.C. [2002 CLC 1620]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
MEANING OF CONSTRUCTIVE RES JUDICATA</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Constructive
Res Judicata, refers, that if the parties had an opportunity of asserting a ground,
in support of their claim or defense in a former suit, and have not done so,
they shall be deemed to have raised such grounds in a former suit, and it shall
be further deemed, that these grounds had been heard and decided, as if, these
matters had been actually in issue.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
EXCEPTIONS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the exceptions to the doctrine of constructive Res Judicata:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Where pleas are barred by law.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Where pleas need not to be raised in
the former suit:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) The pleas raised but not decided by
the Court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv) Where the matter is not in issue
actually or constructively.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>11.
WAIVER OF RES JUDICATA</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
plea of Res Judicata must be raised in the pleadings and if not so raised, it
shall be deemed to have been waived or deemed to have been raised, and decided
against the party not raising it, by virtue of doctrine of constructive Res
Judicata:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>12.
SECTION 11 IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Section
11 is not exhaustive, and in its terms it applies only to suits but the
principle underlying the rule of Res Judicata can be invoked by virtue of
section 151 of C.P.C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>13.
CASES WHERE BAR OF RES JUDICATA MAY BE AVOIDED</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the cases where bar of Res Judicata may be avoided.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Judgment obtained by Fraud Collusion or without Jurisdiction</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
party can avoid the bar of Res Judicata by proving that the Judgment has been
obtained by fraud, or collusion or passed by a Court without jurisdiction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Recall of Orders under Section 151</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
court or tribunal may recall its orders, if it is without jurisdiction or is
tainted with fraud or collusion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>14.
ON WHOM RES JUDICATA APPLIES</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
decision will be Res Judicata between the following parties:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Parties on opposite sides</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Parties on the same sides.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
PARTIES ON OPPOSITE SIDES</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
decision will be Res Judicata between the parties on opposite sides i.e.
plaintiff and defendant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
PARTIES ON SAME SIDES</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
decision will be Res Judicata between the parties on the opposite sides i.e.
plaintiff and defendant. When there is more than one plaintiff involved in a
suit and that suit is properly decided by the court then the principle of Res
Judicata will be applied on all the plaintiffs and .the defendant or the
defendants as the case may, be. But the dismissal of suit under Order XVII,
rule 3 of C.P.C for non production of evidence by some of plaintiffs of the
case could not be made basis of Res Judicata for the other plaintiffs. (2006
CLJ 633)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Conflict of Interest</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There
should have been a conflict of interest between such co-plaintiff and
co-defendants in the former suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Necessary to decide Such Conflict</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
must have been necessary, to decide such conflict, for granting relief in the
suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Finally Decided Matter</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Such
conflict or matter must have been finally decided.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Party in Former Suit</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Such
person must have been a necessary or a proper-party, in the former suit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Illustration:</b>
In a suit for the partition of land by A and B against C and 'D,' all the four
conditions, enumerated above are fulfilled, and a decision given in such suit,
will be Res Judicata between all these four parties.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>15.
CONCLUSION</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude that Justice requires that every cause should be once fairly tried and
public tranquility demands that having been tried once all litigation about
that cause should be concluded forever between those parties. Whenever there is
a judgment by a competent court inter-parties, it will prevent a fresh suit
upon the same matter. Res Judicata as inserted under section 11 of C.P.0 is of
great importance, because by applying this doctrine the sanctity and conclusiveness
is given to the decisions of the court, and the law becomes more certain. This
doctrine is applicable only in civil cases, while in criminal law parallel to
this doctrine, is doctrine of dual Jeopardy. The doctrine of res judicata is of
universal application and intact a fundamental concept in the organization of
every judicial system.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-51580833454334995022017-12-01T09:50:00.000-08:002017-12-01T09:50:12.547-08:00Distinguish Between order, Judgment and Decree<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
INTRODUCTION</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decision
given by Court of law, are either decrees or orders. A decree always follow the
Judgment, which is pronounced by the Court, after hearing the case and can
either be declaratory or executory. Both decree and order are analogous to each
other.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the relevant provisions of C.P.C regarding the topic of decree and order. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
>>
Sec 2(2) for decree and order</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
>>
Sec 2(14) for order</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
>>
Sec 2(9) for Judgment</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Order
20 Rule 1 to 6 for Decree and Judgment</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
DEFINITION OF DECREE: U/S 2(2) of C.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
decree may be defined as under.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Decree
means the formal expression of adjudication which, so far as Court expressing
it, conclusively determine the rights of the parties, with regard to all or any
of the matter in controversy in the suit, and may be either preliminary or
final</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>I.
ESSENTIALS OF DECREE<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the essentials of decree.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Adjudication</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
word adjudication refers to judicial determination of matter in controversy,
and includes an ex-parte determination For an adjudication to come into the
scope of decree, it must be made by a court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Given in Suit</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
word suit is not defined by the code. So it may be defined in a general sense.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Any
proceedings, which is instituted by the presentation of a plaint, or which is
created as a suit by any law, than such proceedings will be deemed to be a
suit</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Determination of Rights of Parties</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
adjudication must determine the rights of the parties. Parties refers to
persons, who are on the record as plaintiff and defendant, and right has
reference to substantive right.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Regarding all or any of the Matter in Controversy</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
adjudication determining the right of parties must be with regard to all, or
any of the matter in controversy. It reference to the subject matter of the
suit in dispute, and the decision of the Court may be with regard to even one
matter in controversy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v)
Conclusive</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
decision should be conclusive, so far as the Court expressing it is concerned,
and it may be conclusive even if the suit is still not disposed of i-c
preliminary decree.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(vi)
Formally Expressed</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There
must be formal expression of the adjudication. It should be precise and specify
the relief granted or other determination of the suit and names and description
of the parties.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>II.
KINDS OF DECREE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decree
may be classified into two kinds,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i).
Declaratory decree which is not capable of execution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Executory decree which can be executed and enforced by the court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>III.
CLASSES OF DECREE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the different classes of decrees as contemplated by Sec. 2(2) of C.P.C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Preliminary Decree</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
preliminary decree declares rights and obligations of the parties leaving
further matters to be determined in subsequent proceedings and it i, conclusive
in nature.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Final Decree</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
final decree is one which completely disposes of the suit so far as the Court
passing it is concerned.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Partly Preliminary and Partly Final Decree</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
decree, may be of such a kind which is final it part and partly preliminary.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>Example:</u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In a
suit, for recovery of possession of immoveable property and rent, the part of
the decree, which directs delivery of possession of property is final but the
part directing an inquiry as to rent or profit is preliminary.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Order Rejecting a Plaint</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
sec
2(2) declares that order rejecting a plaint is a decree, though there is no
adjudication of the rights of the parties but by fiction of law, it is classed
as decree.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v)
Determination of Questions under Certain Provisions of C.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
By
virtue of Sec 2(2), all orders made u/s 144 and under Rules 60, 98,99, 101 and
103 of order 21 are decrees.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>IV.
DECREE NOT INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
By
virtue of sec 2(2), decree shall not include the following:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Appellate Orders</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
An
Adjudication, from which an appeal lies, as an appeal from an order, is not a
decree.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Example:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Questions
to be determined by the executing courts, u/s 47, are orders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Dismissal in Default</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Orders
of dismissal of suit, in default of appearance or non-prosecution, are not
decrees i.e. orders passed under order 9 or 17 of C.P.C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>4.
DEFINITION OF ORDER: u/s 2 (14) of C.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Order
means the formal expression of any decision of a Civil Courts which is not a
decree."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>ESSENTIALS
OF ORDER</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the essentials of order.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Decision</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
expression decision refers to judicial </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
By Civil Court</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decision
must be one of Civil Court, and not of the administrative tribunals.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Formal Expression</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decision
given by Court, must be formally expressed i-e. It must be in writing, precise
and the language must be deliberate ,so that the execution would be possible.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv)
Not a Decree</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
definition of order, specifically excludes the decree from its ambit, and as
such any adjudication of court which is decree, cannot be a order at the same
time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>II.
CLASSES OF ORDER</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the two kinds of order</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
i.
Final Order</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
ii.
Interlocutory order</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>5.
JUDGMENT U/S 2 (9)</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Judgment
means the statement given by the judge of the grounds of a decree or order.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>I.
INGREDIENTS OF JUDGMENT</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the ingredients of a judgment</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Statement given by Judge</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
judgment means the judicial decision of court or judge.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Need to be in writing</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is only after the judge has reduced his decision into writing that a judgment
comes into existence. An oral pronouncement is not a judgment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Grounds of decree or order</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
statement of grounds will not be a judgment but will be so only if such
decisions can result in a decree or an order. Findings recorded by Trial Court
without referring to any evidence of the parties and without discussing its
legal effect after conscious application of mind would not withstand test of
the word judgment as defined in section 2 (9) of CPC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>II.
PRONOUNCEMENT OF JUDGMENT U/ORD. 2 RULE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
On
completion of evidence, the Court shall fix a date, not exceeding 15 days, for
hearing of arguments of the parties.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>III.
JUDGMENT AND DECREE U/SEC 33</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Court after the case has been heard shall pronounce judgment and on such
judgment a decree shall follow.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
evidence which person sought to produce must not be within the knowledge of
that person seeking review after exercise of due diligence or he could not
produce the same at the time when decree was passed or order made.(NLR 2006
Civil Pesh.46) 126</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DECREE AND ORDER</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the differences between decree and order</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
As to Nature</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
decree is an order, but every order is not a decree.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Appeal</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ordinarily
appeal lies from every decree, but order are appealable only, if provided by
Sec. 104 read with order 43</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
As To Second Appeal</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
second appeal may lie against decree, but a second appeal shall not lie against
an order passed in appeal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Determination of Rights</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decree
conclusively determines the rights of the parties, but order does not
necessarily conclusively determines the rights of the parties.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v)
Classes</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decree
is of five classes as provided u/s 2(2), while order may be of final or
interlocutory.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(vi)
Emergence</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decree
cannot be emerged into an order, but every order in a case merge into a decree.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DECREE ORDER AND JUDGMENT</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>I.
AS TO EXECUTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is the decree or order which is capable of execution and not the Judgment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>II.
FORM</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decree
and order always follow the Judgment while the judgment contains the grounds of
both decree and order.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>III.
SUPERIORITY</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Judgment
is superior in form and if decree or order are not in accordance with it, they
may be altered.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>V.
APPEAL</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is the decree or order which is appealable and not the judgment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>V.
KINDS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decree
and order has different kinds but that is not a case with the judgment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>8.
CONCLUSION</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
At
the end I may be said, that the decision given by the judge is called judgment
which contains the grounds of decree and order.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Decree
and order are analogous to each other, and by virtue of Sec. 36 of CPC
provisions relating to execution of decree are also applicable to orders. The
importance of decree lies in a fact, that they are appealable and conclusively
determine the rights of the parties, while it is not necessarily the case with
the order but u/s 105 every order, whether appealable or not excepting
appealable orders of remand, can be attacked in an appeal against the final
decree.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-48452366376712950962017-11-29T19:10:00.000-08:002017-11-29T19:10:50.589-08:00Ghayer-jaifah, it's Kinds and Punishment<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
Introduction</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Causing
of hurt to another person is an offence under Pakistan Penal Code, Pakistan
Penal Code has described different kinds of hurt. Among these kinds, jurh is a
kind of hurt and Jaifah and Ghayr jaifah are two different kinds of jurh. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
What is offence when an injury extends to body cavity of Trunk? or Jaifah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person causes jurh in which injury extends to body cavity of the trunk,
causing of such injury is called jaifah. And it is an offence under Section No.
337-C Pakistan Penal Code. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
Punishment when an injury extends to body cavity of Trunk? or Punishment for
Jaifah </u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
two punishments have been provided against commission of Jaifah:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Arsh</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal Code, a person, who commits Jaifah, is liable to arsh, which
should be one-third of diyat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Tazir</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal Code, a person, who commits Jaifah, can also be punished with
imprisonment, which can extend to ten years as tazir. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>4.
Definition of Ghayr-jaifah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal Code, causing of jurh, which does not amount to jaifah, is
called Ghayr-jaifah.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5.
Kinds of Ghayr-jaifah</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
Pakistan Penal Code, following six different kinds of Ghayr-jaifah have been
described;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Ghayr-jaifah Damiyah</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
damiyah is that type of hurt, which ruptures skin and causes bleeding. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Ghayr-jaifah Badi'ab</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
badi'ah is that type of hurt, which cuts or incises flash but does not expose
bone. <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Ghayr-jaifah Mutalahimah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
mutalahimah is that type of hurt, which lacerates flash.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Ghayr-jaifah Mudihah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
mudihah is that type of hurt, which causes exposing of bone. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v)
Ghayr-jaifah Hashimah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
hashimah is that type of hurt, which fractures bone but does not dislocate it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(vi)
Ghayr-jaifah Munaqqillah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
munaqqillah is that type of hurt, which not only fractures bone, but also
dislocates it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>6.
Explanation of Ghayr-jaifah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
points are important for further explanation of Ghayr-jaifah and its kinds</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Kinds of Jurh</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
is a kind of Jurh. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Intentional Injury to Person</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah
is considered an intentional injury to person. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Punishments</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
two punishment have been provided against Ghayr-jaifah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Daman</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Daman
as punishment has been provided against all kinds of Ghayr-jaifah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b)
Tazir</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
different terms of imprisonment as tazir have been provided</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b-i)
Imprisonment against Ghayr-jaifah damiyah & badi'ah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits Ghayr-jaifah damiyah or badi'ah can be punished with
imprisonment, which can extend to one years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b-ii)
Punishment against Ghayr-jaifah Mutalahimah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits Ghayr-jaifah mutalahimah, can be punished with imprisonment,
which can extend to three years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b-iii)
Punishment against Ghayr-jaifah Mudihah & Hashimah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits Ghayr-jaifah mudiahah or hashimah, can be punished with
imprisonment, which can extend to five years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ghayr-jaifah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b-iv)
Punishment against Ghayr-jaifah Munaqqiallah</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A person, who commits Ghayr-jaifah munaqqillah,
can be punished with imprisonment, which can extend to seven years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Conclusion
</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude, it can be stated that different nature and tenures of punishments
have been provided against Jaifah and <b> </b>Ghayr-jaifah. As far as nature of
punishment is concerned, arsh has been provided against jaifah while daman has
been provided against Ghayr-jaifah. At the same time, different tenures of
imprisonment as tazir have been provided against Jaifah and Ghayr-jaifah.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-17890393160942344502017-11-28T09:50:00.002-08:002017-11-28T09:50:45.626-08:00Ikrah-e-Tam and Ikrah-e-Naqis and its Punishment<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>1.
Introduction of Ikrah-e-Tam & Ikrah-e-Naqis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pakistan
Penal Code has described various offense, which affect human body. With these
offences, some circumstances, in which such offences can be committed, have
also been explained. Among these circumstances, Ikrah-e-tam and ikrah-e-naqis
are most prominent, because the most heinous offence, which is murder, can be
committed under these two circumstances. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>2.
Definition of Ikrah-e-Tam</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ikrah-e-tam
can be defined in following manner;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Fear of instant death</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Fear of instant or permanent impairing of any organ of body</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Instant fear of being subjected to sodomy or zina-bil-jabr</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Fear of Instant death<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ikrah-e-tam
means putting any person, his spouse or any of his blood relations within
prohibited degree of marriage in fear of instant death. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
Fear of instant or permanent impairing of any organ of body<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ikrah-e-tam
means putting any person, his spouse or any of his blood relations within the
prohibited degree of marriage in fear of instant permanent impairing of any
organ of the body. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(iii)
Instant fear of being subjected to sodomy or zina-bil-jabr<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Ikrah-e-tam
</b>means putting any person, his spouse or any of his blood relations within
the prohibited degree of marriage in instant fear of being subjected to sodomy
or zina-bil-jabar.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3.
Punishment for Ikrah-e-Tam</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
persons can be punished as far as commission of qatl under Ikrah-e-tam is
concerned;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Commission of Qatl Under Ikrah-e-Tam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits qatl under ikrah-e-tam, is punished for imprisonment, which
can extend to twenty five years and should not be less than ten years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
Causing of Ikrah-e-Tam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who causes ikrah-i-tam for commission of a qatl, is awarded that
punishment, which is awarded for the kind of Qatl, which is committed as a
consequence of ikrah-i-tam. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.
Definition of Ikrah-e-Naqis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ikrah-e-naqis
means any form of duress, which does not amount to ikrah-e-tam.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5.
Punishment for Ikrah-e-Naqis</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
persons can be punished as far as commission of qatal under Ikrah-e-naqis is
concerned.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Commission of qatl under Ikrah-e-Naqis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commit qatl under Ikrah-e-naqis, is punished according to nature of
committed qatl.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
Causing of Ikrah-e-Naqis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who causes Ikrah-e-naqis for commission of qatl, is punished with
imprisonment for a term, which can extend to ten years.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
Difference between Ikrah-e-Tam and Ikrah-e-Naqis</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are main differences between ikrah-e-tam and Ikrah-e-naqis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Scope<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ikrah-e-tam
is limited in scope while Ikrah-e-naqis is wide in scope. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
Punishment<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal code, different punishment have been provided for commission
of qatl under ikrah-e-tam and Ikrah-e-naqis and also for causing of Ikrah-e-tam
and Ikrah-e-naqis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(iii)
Element of Fear & Duress<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
far as ikrah-e-tam is concerned, element of fear plays an important role.
Contrary to this, element of duress plays an important role in cases of
Ikrah-e-naqis. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Conclusion<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude, it can be stated that both ikrah -e-tam and ikrah-e-naqis are legally
different terms. However, both are those circumstances, which cause commission
of offence; in cases of ikrah-e-tam, it is fear, which causes commission of
offence, and it is duress, which causes commission of offence in cases of ikrah
-e-naqis.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-73245013403890507302017-11-28T09:47:00.001-08:002017-11-28T09:47:38.109-08:00Counter-Feiting Coin and Govt. Stamp and it's Punishment<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
Introduction</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Counterfeiting
is as old as money itself and is considered the world's second oldest
profession. History reveals that counterfeiting has been used as a means of
warfare. Through this means of warfare, enemy's economy was over flown with
fake bank notes so as to devalue of enemy's money. Both in the United States
and England, counterfeiting was once punishable by death. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
Definition of Counterfeiting Coin</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person causes a genuine coin to appear like a different coin and intends to
practice deception or knows it to be likely that deception will thereby be
practiced, he commits counterfeiting coin. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
Explanation of Counterfeiting Coin</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
Pakistan Penal Code, various offences have been described regarding
counterfeiting coin. Followings are some of these offences. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Possession of instrument or material for purpose of using the same for
counterfeiting coin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Delivery of con, which has been possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
Pakistan Penal Code, making or selling of instrument, which is used for
counterfeiting of coin, is punishable. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Possession of instrument or material for purpose of using the same for
counterfeiting coin</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal Code, possession of instrument for purpose of using the same
for counterfeiting of coin is an offence. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Delivery of con, which has been possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
Pakistan Penal Code, delivery of that coin, which has been possessed with
knowledge that it is counterfeit, is a crime.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(4)
Punishment for Counterfeiting Coin</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Punishment
for counterfeiting coin is imprisonment, which can extend to seven years, and
fine. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>5.
Definition of Counterfeiting Govt. Stamp</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person counterfeits or knowingly performs any part of process of
counterfeiting any stamp, which is issued by Government for purpose of revenue,
and such person causes a genuine stamp of one denomination to appear like a
genuine stamp of a different denomination, he commits counterfeiting Government
stamp. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>6.
Explanation of Counterfeiting Govt. Stamp</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
Pakistan Penal Code, various offences have been described regarding counterfeiting
government stamp. Following are some of these offence. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Having or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government Stamp</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Sale of counterfeit Government Stamp</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Having or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
have possession of instrument or material, which is used for counterfeiting
Government stamp, is a crime according to Pakistan Penal Code. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government Stamp</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
Pakistan Penal Code, making or selling of instrument, which is used for
counterfeiting Government stamp, is an offence. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Sale of counterfeit Government Stamp</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal Code, selling of counterfeit Government stamp is punishable. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>7.
Punishment for Counterfeiting Govt. Stamp</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Punishment
for counterfeiting Government stamp is imprisonment for life or imprisonment,
which can extend to ten years, and fine. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Conclusion</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude, it can be stated that there are several ill-effects of
counterfeiting. Some of them are corruption, inflation and decrease in real
value of money. Such ill-effects can damage very roots of economy, industry and
social order of state. </div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-85549740880920520822017-11-26T06:19:00.001-08:002017-11-26T06:19:25.615-08:00Sedition and it's Punishment<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
Introduction</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
Pakistan Penal Code, some acts have been declared as offences against state.
Sedition is one of these acts. Usually sedition and treason are intermixed with
each other. However, the reality is that these two terms are different from
each other. main difference between them is that it is treason and not
sedition, which leads to violation of public peace. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
Definition </u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal Code, sedition can be defined as doing of certain acts, which
cause or attempt to cause hatred or contempt against legally established
government or which create or attempt to create disaffection against such
government. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
Explanation of Sedition</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
points are important for further explanation of sedition </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Stirring up of rebellion </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
To encourage for rebellion</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Terrorism & Public order laws</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Stirring up of rebellion </u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sedition
is considered a mean to stir up rebellion against a legally established
government. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
To encourage for rebellion</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Out
of its purposes, one purpose of sedition is to encourage people for rebellion
against a legally established government. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Terrorism & Public Order Laws</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
most of states, laws about sedition somewhat equate to terrorism and public
order laws. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(4)
Punishment of Sedition</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Either
of following three different punishment can be awarded against commission of
sedition</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Life imprisonment and fine</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who is convicted of sedition, can be punishment with life imprisonment
to which fine can be added. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Imprisonment and fine</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who is convicted of sedition, can be punished with imprisonment, which
can extend to seven years, to which fine can be added. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Fine</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who is convicted of sedition, can be punished with fine. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Conclusion</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude, it can be stated that most of provisions, which are still present in
Pakistan Penal Code, belong to British colonial era. Provision about sedition
is also one of them. Although United Kingdom has abolished its sedition law in
2010, yet such law is still enforceable in Pakistan.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-76771221558984853732017-11-19T09:07:00.000-08:002017-11-19T09:07:11.845-08:00Public Servant under Pakistan Penal Code<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
Introduction</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
Pakistan Penal Code, there are specific provisions, whcih are about bribary and
corrupation among public servants. Through these provisions, various offences,
which can be committed by public servants in respect of bribary and corruption,
have been described and punishments for commission of such offences have also
been provided. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
Definition of Public Servant</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Pakistan Penal code, following persons are considered public servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
i.
Commissioned officer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
ii.
Judge</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
iii.
Officer of a court of Justice</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
iv.
Juryman, assessor or member of a panchayat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
v.
Arbitrator or other person to whom any cause or matter has been referred</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
vi.
Person, who holds any office to keep any person in confinement</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
vii.
Officer of government </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
viii.
Various officers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
ix.
Person who holds any office to prepare, publish, maintain or revise an
electoral rool or to conduct an election or part of an election </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Commissioned Officer</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
Commissioned Officer in Military, Naval or Air Forces of Pakistan while serving
under the Federal Government or any Provincial Government is public officer. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Judge</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
Judge is public Servant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Officer of a Court of Justice</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
officer of a Court of Justice, who performs either of following duties, is
public servant</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
a.
Investigation </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
b.
Report</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
c.
Making, authenticating or keeping of any document</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
d.
Taking charge or disposing of any property</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
e.
Execution of any judicial process</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
f.
Administration of any oath</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
g.
Interpretation </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
h.
Preservation of order in court</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
i.
Authority from Court of Justice</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Juryman, Assessor or Member of a Court </u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
juryman, assessor or member of a panchayat, who assists a Court of Justice or
public servant, is public servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v)
Arbitrator or Other Person to whom any cause or Matter has been Referred</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
arbitrator or other person, to whom any cause or matter has been referred by
any court of justice or by any other competent public authority for decision or
report, is public servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(vi)
Person who holds any office to keep any Person in confinement</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
person, who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or
keep any person in confinement, is public servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(vii)
Officer of Government</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
officer of government, who performs either of following duties, is considered
public officer;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
a.
Prevention of offences</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
officer of government, whose duty is to prevent offences, is public servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>b.
Information of offences</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
officer of government, whose duty is to give information of offences, is public
servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>c.
Bringing of Offenders to justice</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
officer of government, whose duty is to bring offenders to justice, is public
servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>d.
Protection of Public Health, Safety or Convenience</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
officer of government, whose duty is to protect public health, safety or
convenience, is public servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(viii)
Various Officers</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
officers are considered public servants</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
a.
Taking, receiving, keeping or expending of any property on behalf of
government. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
b.
Making of any survey or assessment or contract on behalf of government </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
c.
Execution of any revenue-process</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
d.
Investigation or reporting of matter</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
e.
Making, authenticating or keeping any document</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
f.
Prevention of infraction of any law</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
g.
Taking, receiving, keeping or expending of any property for any secular common
purpose of any village, town or district</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
h.
Making of any survey or assessment for any secular common purpose of any
village, town or District</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
i.
Levying of any rate or tax for any secular common purpose of any village, town
or district</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
j.
Making, authenticating or keeping any document for ascertaining of rights of
people of any village, town or district.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ix)
Person who holds any office to prepare, Publish, Maintain or revise an
Electoral Roll or to conduct an election or Part of an Election</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Every
person, who holds any office in virtue of which he is empowered to prepare,
publish, maintain or revise an electoral roll or to conduct an election or part
of an election , is public servant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
Punishment against taking of gratification in respect of an official act</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A public
servant, who is guilty taking gratification in respect of any official act,
should be punished with imprisonment, which can extend to three years or with
fine or with both. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>4.
Conclusion</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude, it can be stated that it has been explained in Pakistan Penal Code
that persons, who fall any of description of public servant, are public
servants whether they are appointed by government or not.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-61444113336219418092017-11-19T04:25:00.001-08:002017-11-19T04:25:33.241-08:00Solitary Confinement under Pakistan Penal Code<b><u>1. Introduction</u></b><br />
Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment. it is such form of imprisonment through which psychological pressure is imposed upon an offender by disallowing him to have any contract with other persons during imprisonment.<br />
<br />
<b><u>RELEVANT PROVISIONS</u></b><br />
Sections 73 & 74 of Pakistan Penal Code 1860.<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>2. Who can award Solitary Confinement?</u></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Court
can award solitary confinement. However, condition is that court can award such
confinement only in that case in which a person is convicted of an offence for
which the court has power under Pakistan Penal Code to sentence him to rigorous
imprisonment. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<b><u>3. At what scale Solitary Confinement can be Awarded?</u></b><br />
Under Pakistan Penal Code, court can order to keep offender in solitary confinement for any portion or portions of imprisonment to which he is sentenced and such solitary confinement should not exceed three months in the whole. Solitary confinement can be awarded at either of following three scales.<br />
<br />
<b><u>(i) For a Period Not exceeding One Month</u></b><br />
If term of imprisonment, to which an offender is sentenced, does not exceed six months, offender can be kept in solitary confinement for a period, which should not exceed one month.<br />
<br />
<b><u>(ii) For a Period not exceeding two Months</u></b><br />
If term of imprisonment, to which an offender is sentenced, does not exceed one year, offender can be kept in solitary confinement for a period, which should not exceed two months.<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>(iii) For a period not exceeding Three Months</u></b><br />
If term of imprisonment, to which an offender is sentenced, exceeds on year, offend can be kept in solitary confinement for a period, which should not exceed three months.<br />
<h3>
<b><u>4. How can sentence of Solitary Confinement can be executed?</u></b></h3>
Sentence of solitary confinement can be executed through following two modes<br />
<br />
<b><u>(i) Fourteen Days</u></b><br />
In executing a sentence of solitary confinement, such solitary confinement should in no case exceed fourteen days at a time, with intervals between periods of solitary confinement of not less duration than such periods.<br />
<br />
<b><u>(ii) Seven Days</u></b><br />
In executing a sentence of solitary confinement when imprisonment awarded exceeds three months, the solitary confinement should not exceed seven days in any one month of the whole imprisonment awarded, with intervals between the periods of solitary confinement of not less duration than such periods.<br />
<br />
<b><u>5. Conclusion</u></b><br />
To conclude, it can be stated that there are two purpose of solitary confinement; sometimes, it is used as measure of protection of society from criminals, and sometimes, it is used as protective custody.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-55617155271551679282017-11-18T08:39:00.001-08:002017-11-18T08:39:23.354-08:00Offences Against Property under PPC<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>1.
Introduction of offences against Property <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Preservation
of life, religion, reason, lineage and property are main objectives of Islamic
law. For preservation of property, Islam has forbidden certain acts against
property. To punish offenders, who commit offences against property and protect
society from reoccurrence of these offences, Islam has provided severe
punishments.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(2)
Offences Against Property<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Offences Again. Property (Enforcement Of Hudood) Ordinance, followings are
different offences against property:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Theft</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Haraabah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Rassagiri or patharidari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Theft<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If a
person intends to take dishonestly any movable property out of possession of
antohter person without thsi another person's consent and move such property in
order to such taking, he commits theft.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b)
Explation of Theft<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Followign
points are important for further explanation of theft under offences against
Property (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-i)
Kinds of theft</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-ii)
Theft liable to hadd</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-iii)
Punishment for theft liable to hadd</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-iv)
Theft liable to tazir </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-v)
Punishment for theft liable to tazir</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-i)
Kinds Of Theft <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Theft
liable to hadd and theft liable tazir are two kinds of theft.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-ii)
Theft Liable To Hadd<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person, who is adult, surreptitiously commits theft of property from any
hirz, and value of property is nisab or more especially when property is not
stolen property, and he/she knows that it is or is likely to be of value of
nisab or more, he commits theft liable to hadd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-iii)
Punishment For Theft Liable To Hadd<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
following three different situations, different punishments of hadd can be
awarded against commission of theft 1Lible to hadd:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(x)
Amputation of right hand from joint of wrist </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(y) Amputation
of left foot up to ankle</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(z) Imprisonment
for life</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(x)
Amputation Of Right Hand From Joint Of Wrist<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person commits theft liable to hadd for of wrist.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(y)
Amputation Of Left Foot Up To Ankle<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person commits theft liable to hadd for second time, his left foot up to
ankle is amputated.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(z)
Imprisonment For Life<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits the' liable to hadd for third time or more than third time,
is punished with imprisonment for life.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-iv)
Theft Liable to Tazir<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person commits theft, which is not liable to hadd ro which is not proved
thorugh accused pleading or according to requirements of tazkiya al-shudood or
for which hadd can not be imposed or enforced, he commits theft liable to
tazir. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-v)
Punishment for theft Liable to tazir<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Either
of following three punishments can be awarded against commission of theft
liable to tazir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(x) Imprisonment</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(y)
Fine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(z)
Imprisonment & Fine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(x)
Imprisonment<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits theft liable to tazir, can be punished with imprisonment,
which can extend to three years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(y)
Fine<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits theft liable to tazir, can be punished with fine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(z)
Imprisonment & Fine<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person, who commits theft liable to tazir, can be punished with imprisonment,
which can extend to three years, and fine.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
Haraabah</b></h2>
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</script>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(a)
Definition Of Haraabah<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
one person or more persons, who are equipped with arms or not, make .show of
force for purpose of taking away property of another person, and attack another
person or cause wrongful restraint or Put him in fear of death or hurt, such
person or persons commits haraabah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b)
Explanation Of Haraabah<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
points are important for further explanation of haraabah under Offences Against
Property (Enforcement Of Hudood) Ordinance:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-i)
Proof against haraabah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-ii)
Punishment of haraabah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-i)
Proof Against Haraabah<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Either
of following two proofs is sufficient to prove haraabah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(x)
Accused pleading</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(Y)
Eye-witnesses</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(x)
Accused Pleading<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
accused pleads guilty of commission of harabaah, harabaah is proved.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(y)
Eye-Witnesses<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
at least two Muslim adult male eye-witnesses give evidence of occurrence of
harabaah and they fulfill requirements of tazkiya al-shuhood for satisfaction
of-court, harabaah is proved. However, eye-witnesses can be non-Muslim if
accused is a non-Muslim.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-ii)
Punishment of Haraabah<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
following five different situations, punishments can be awarded against
commission of harabaah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(u)
Whipping & rigorous imprisonment</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(v)
Punishment according to other law</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(x) Amputation
of right hand from wrist & amputation of left foot from ankle</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(y)
Rigorous imprisonment & whipping in case where left hand or right foot of
offender is missing or unserviceable</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(y)
Death</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(u)
Whipping & Rigorous Imprisonment<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
murder is not committed and property is not taken away during commission of
harabaah, punishment for harabaah is, whipping, which should not exceed thirty
stripes and rigorous imprisonment, ,which should not be less than three years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(v)
Punishment According To Other Law<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
no property is taken away, but hurt is caused to any person during commission
of haraabah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
punishment
for harabaah is whipping, which should not exceed thirty stripes and rigorous
imprisonment which should not be less than three years. In addition to these
punishments, punishment for causing hurt is awarded according to other law,
which is for time being applicable.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(x)
Amputation Of Right Hand From Wrist & Amputation Of Left Foot From Ankle<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
no murder is committed, but property is taken away during commission of
harabaah and value of property amounts to or exceeds nisab, punishment is
amputation of right hand from wrist and amputation of left foot from ankle.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(y)
Rigorous Imprisonment & Whipping In Case Where Left Hand Or Right Foot Of
Offender Is Missing Or Unserviceable<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
left hand or right foot of offender of harabaah is missing or is entirely
unserviceable, punishment of amputation of other hand or foot cannot be imposed
because punishment is rigorous imprisonment, which can extend to fourteen years
and whipping, which should not exceed thirty stripes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(y)
Death<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
murdeer is committed during commission of harabaah, punishment is death as
hadd. </div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(iii)
Rassagiri Or Patharidari</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(a)
Definition of Rassagiri or Patharidari<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
a person extends patronage, protection or assistance in any from or harbors any
person or group of persons, who are engaged in theft of cattle, and
understanding is that he shall receive one or more of the cattle in respect of
which the offence in committed or shall receive a share in process of theft, he
commits rassagiri or patharidari. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b)
Punishment Of Rassagiri Or Patharidari<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Either
of following two punishments can be awarded against commission of rassagiri or
patharidari:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-i)
Rigorous imprisonment, confiscation of all immovable property and fine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(b-ii)
Whipping, confiscation of all immovable property and fine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-i)
Rigorous Imprisonment, Confiscation Of All Immovable Property & Fine<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Punishment
against commission of rassagiri or patharidari can be rigorous imprisonment,
which can extend to fourteen years, confiscation of all immovable property of
offender and fine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b-ii)
Whipping, Confiscation of all Imovable Property & Fine<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Punishment
against commission of rassagiri or patharidari can be whipping, which should
not exceed seventy stripes, confiscation of all immovable property of offender
and fine. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3.
Conclusion<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
conclude, it can be stated that it necessary for maintenance of law and order
in human society that law should protect human life and property. Failure to
protect human life and property leads to social anarchy. That is why, Islam has
provided very strict punishments in form of hadd and tazir for offences against
property. </div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-78616027330097874562017-11-18T04:42:00.001-08:002017-11-18T04:42:12.675-08:00Haraabah, it's Punishment and method of Proof<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
INTRODUCTION</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Haraabah liable to hadd in included in the offences against property
(Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979. It is the modification of the existing
laws against property in order to bring the commission of certain offences
within the injunctions of Islam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
DEFINITION OF TERM `HARAABAH'</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
Section 15 of offence against Property (Enforement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>When
any one or more persons whether equipped with arms or not, make show of force
for the purpose of taking away the property of another and attack him or cause
wrongful restraint or put him in fear of death or hurt, such person or persons
are said to commit Haraabah</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
PROOF OF HARAABAH</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Section
16 of the Offences against Property (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"The
provisions of Section 7 shall apply mutatis mutandis, for the proof of
Haraabah."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Section 7 of the offences against property (Enforcement of Hudood)
Ordinance, 1979, in order to constitute theft liable to Hadd following proofs
should be presented:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Confession of Accused</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
the accused of theft himself confesses his guilt before the competent court, it
is enough proof for holding that the accused has committed theft liable to
hadd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b)
Two Muslim Adult Male Eye Witnesses</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Theft
liable to Hadd can be imposed only if there are two Male eye witnesses other
than the victim of the crime.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.
PUNISHMENT FOR HARAABAK</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
Section 17 of the Offences against Property (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance,
1979:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(1)
Whoever, being an adult, is guilty of Haraabah in the course of which neither
any murder has been committed nor any property has been taken away shall be
punished with whipping not exceeding thirty strip and with rigorous
imprisonment until the court is satisfied of his being sincerely penitent.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Provided
that the sentence of imprisonment shall in no case be less than three years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(2)
Whoever, being an adult, is guilty of Haraabah in the course of which no
property has been taken away but hurt has been caused to any person shall in
addition to the punishment. provided for in sub-section (1) be punished for
causing such hurt in accordance with such other law as may for the time being
be applicable.</div>
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(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Whoever,
being an adult, is guilty of Haraabah in the course of which no murder has been
committed but property the value of which amounts to, or exceeds. The nisab has
been taken away shall be punished with amputation of his right hand from the
wrist and of his left foot from the ankle.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Provided
that when the offence of Haraabah has been committed conjointly by more than on
person, the punishment of amputation shall be imposed only if the value of the
share of each one of them is not less than the nisab.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Provided further that if the left hand or the right foot of the offender is
missing or is entirely unserviceable, the punishment of amputation of the other
hand or foot, as the case may be shall not be imposed and the offender shall be
punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen
years and with whipping not exceeding thirty strips.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(4)
Whoever being an adult, is guilty of Haraabah in the course of which he commits
murder shall be punished with death imposed as hadd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(5) Punishment
under sub-section (3) except that under the second provi so there to, or under
sub-section (4) shall not be executed unless it is confirmed by the court to
which an appeal from the order of conviction lies, and if the punishment be of
amputation until it is confirmed and executed the convict shall be dealt with
in the same manner as if se5tenced to simple imprisonment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(6)
the provisions of the sub-section (6) and sub-section (7) of Section .9 shall
apply to the execution of the punishment of the amputation under this section.
Now Section 9, Sub-Section (6) is;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Amputation
shall be carried out by an authorized medical officer."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
And
Section 9, Sub-Section (7) is;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>If,
at the time of the execution of hadd, the authorized medical officer is of the
opinion that the amputation of hand or foot may cause the death of the convict,
the execution of hadd shall be postponed until such time as the apprehension of
death cases</i>".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
5.
CONCLUSION</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
order to constitute Haraabah liable to Hadd, it should have committed by an
adult, equipped with arms or not, make should of force for the purpose, taking
away the property of another and attack him or cause wrongful restraint or put
him in fear of death or hurt. However, situation of punishment have been
prescribed in Section 17 of Ordinance, 1979.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-42289531256576401812017-11-17T12:37:00.001-08:002017-11-17T12:37:13.463-08:00Hadd and Tazir and its Difference<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
HADD</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
MEANINGS OF HADD: In Literal sense</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Hadd
means, "measure" or "limit".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>In
legal sense</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Hadd
means, "<i>The punishment the limits of which have been defined and fixed
in the Qur'an and Hadith</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
relates to those crimes in which the right accrues to Allah almighty, without
any right accruing to humanity.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
DEFINITION OF HADD</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to Section 2(c) of the Offences against Property' (Enforcement of Hadood)
Ordinance,.1979;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Hadd
means punishment ordained by the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
CONDITIONS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF HADD</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Hadd punishment can be imposed only on an adult, healthy and sane person. It
cannot be imposed on an insane or unsound person.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Hadd cannot be enforced in case of a minor doubt. It cannot be imposed on a
patient until he recovers his health.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Once Hadd is proved, it cannot be cancelled.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>2.
TAZIR</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
MEANINGS OF TAZIR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
In Literal sense<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Tazir
means, "To punish"</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
In Legal sense</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Tazir
means, "<i>Punishment which is at the discretion of the judge, when the
offence relates to a private injury</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
DEFINITION OF TAZIR</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) According
to Section 2(g) of the Offences against Property (Enforcement of Hadood)
Ordinance, 1979;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Tazir
means any punishment other than Hadd</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
In other words</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Tazir
is the punishment which is prescribed and awarded by the Court other than
Qisas, Diyat, Arsh and Daman</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
OBJECTS OF TAZIR</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Objects
of Tazir are the correction of the offender and the prevention of the
recurrence of the crime.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV)
AWARD OF TAZIR</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Tazir
is the punishment which is left to the discretion of the Court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V)
INFLICTION OF TAZIR</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
may be inflicted by imposition of fine, scourging, imprisonment etc. It is
inflicted in respect of those offences which are against human life, body, property,
etc.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3.
HADD OFFENCES/OFFENCES PUNISHABLE BY HADD</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
are the seven of Hadd offences.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
Zina</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Zina
liable the hadd is constituted when a sane adult man or woman not married
tighter nor suspecting to have been married together indulge in sexual
intercourse.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Proof of zina</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Zina
liable to hadd is proved either.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
By the confession of the accused, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
By the testimony of four adult Muslims male witnesses.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(b)
Punishment of zina<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
In case of muhsan</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
punishment is rajam or stoning to death.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(II)
Incase of non-muhsan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
punishment is whipping numbering 80 stripes at a public place.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Zina
is wider term and includes both fornication and adultery.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Qazf</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Qazf
liable to hadd is constituted when any person, who is an adult, intentionally
and unequivocally or without ambiguity makes an imputation of zina liable to
add against any person who is muhsan and capable of performing sexual
intercourse.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Proof of qazf</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
offence of qazf is proved, either</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
By the confesion of the accused, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
By the testimony Of two adult male free Muslim witness</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b)
Punishment of Qazf</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
Incase of free person<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
punishment is 80 stripes, and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Incase of slaves</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
punishment is 40 stripes</div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
Drinking</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
An
adult Muslim who takes intoxicating liquor by mouth is is guilty of drinking
liable to hadd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Proof of drinking</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
crime is proved by .the testimony of two adult male Muslims who fulfil the
requirement of Tazkiya-al-Shahud.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b)
Punishment of drinking</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
punishment is 100 stripes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Theft (siraqah)</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever,
being an adult, surreptitiously commits, from any hirz, theft of property of
the value of the nisab or more is said to commit theft liable to hadd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Proof
of theft</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Theft
liable to hadd is held proved, either.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) When
the accused pleads guilty.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
When at least two adult Muslim witnesses give evidence as eye-witness of the
occurrence.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v)
Harabah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is also referred as a major theft and it partakes of and resembles the offence
of robbery and extortion, but it is exactly the same.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Proof of harabah</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Harabah
is held proved in the same manner as the offence of theft liable to hadd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b)
Punishment of harabah.</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There
are different penalties varying with the nature of the case.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(vi)
Apostasy</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is a change of faith. The one who converts himself to another religion giving
up Islam is called an "infidel".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Punishment of apostasy</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
For Men<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Death
penalty, and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
For women</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Physical
punishment</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(vii)
Rebellion</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to some jurists rebellions also come into hadd.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a)
Punishment</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
penalty is death for rebellions.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.
DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN HADD & TAZIR</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
In hadd it is a punishment ordained by
the Holy Quran and Sunnah but in tazir it is punishment which is not rigidly
fixed by the supreme legislature. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
In hadd It relates to those crimes in which the right accrues to Allah alone,
without any right accruing to humanity but in tazir It relates to those crimes
in which the right either accrues to Allah or to individual.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
In hadd There is no discretion of Court but in tazir The court may exercise
discretion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv)
In hadd It is to be strictly followed but in tazir It is at the discretion of
the court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(v)
In hadd The evidence of women is not admissible but in tazir The evidence of
two women with one man is admissible.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(vi)
In hadd It cannot be commuted but in tazir It can be commuted.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(vii)
In hadd Pardon cannot granted but in
tazir Pardon may be granted.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(viii)
In hadd It can be dealt with under Tazir but in tazir It cannot be death with
under Hadood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ix)
In hadd The object is prevention of a crime but in tazir Its object is
reformation and correction of the offender.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(x)
In hadd Procedure of trial in complicated but in tazir Procedure of trail is
simple.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
5.
CONCLUSION</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Hadd
is a fixed punishment, therefore, it cannot be changed but tazir can be
discretionary matter of judge. Both these punishments are different from each
other.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-83992841616001912122017-11-13T09:28:00.001-08:002017-11-13T09:28:40.655-08:00Criminal Misappropriation and Criminal Breach of Trust<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>1.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sections
403 to 409 of P.P.C. 1860.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>2.
MEANING OF CRIMINAL MISAPPROPRIATION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>According
to Black's Law Dictionary;<o:p></o:p></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Misappropriation'
means; "<i>the unauthorized, improper, or unlawful use of funds or other
property for purpose other than that for which intended</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3.
DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL MISAPPROPRIATION; UNDER SECTION 403 PPC<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Dishonest
misappropriation of property</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Whoever,
dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use any movable property,
shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to two years, or with fine, or with both</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Explanation
1:<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
dishonest misappropriation for a time only is a misappropriation within the
meaning of this section.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><br /></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Explanation
2:</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A
person who finds property not in the possession of any other person, and takes
such property for the purpose of protecting it for, or of restoring it to, the
owner, does not take or misappropriate it dishonestly, and is not guilty of an
offence; but he is guilty of the offence above defined, if he appropriates it
to his own use, when he knows or has the. means of discovering the owner, or
before he has used reasonable means to discover and give notice to the owner
and has kept the property a reasonable time to enable the owner to claim it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
What
are reasonable means or what is a reasonable time in such a case is a question
of fact.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is not necessary that the find should know who is the owner of the property, or
that any particular person is the owner of it; it is sufficient if, at the time
of appropriating it, he does not believe it to be his own property, or in good
faith believes that the rear owner cannot be found.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF CRIMINAL MISAPPROPRIATION; UNDER SECTION 403 P.P.C<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
essential ingredients of criminal misappropriation under this section are as
follow;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
DISHONESTLY MISAPPROPRIATES<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
term 'dishonestly' has been defined in Section 24 P.P.0 as; "whoever does
anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful
loss to another person, is said to do that thing "dishonestly". On
the other hand the verb 'to appropriate' in this connection means setting apart
for, or assigning to, a particular person or use and to misappropriate means to
set apart for or assign to the wrong person or a wrong use.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
CONVERTS TO HIS OWN USE<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
constitute this offence there must be actual conversion of the thing
appropriated to the use of some person other than the person entitled thereto.
A person obtaining goods of another and disposing of them fraudulently for the
benefit of himself or a third person is guilty of conversion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(III)
ANY MOVEABLE PROPERTY<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
misappropriation of movable property which has been defined Under Section 22
P.P.0 as "The words "movable property" are intended to include
corporeal property of every description, except land and thing attached to the
earth or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth."
There cannot be any criminal misappropriation with regard to immovable
property.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(IV)
PUNISHMENT UNDER SECTION 403 P.P.C<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Section
403 also prescribes the punishment for anybody who is found guilty of criminal
misappropriation. It says that anybody guilty of criminal misappropriation
would be liable to</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for a term which</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
may
extend to two years, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5.
PUNISHMENT FOR DISHONEST MISAPPROP RIATION OF PROPERTY POSSESSED BY DECEASED
PERSON AT THE TIME OF HIS DEATH; UNDER SECTION 404 P.P.C<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use property, knowing that
such property was in the possession of a deceased person at the time of that
person's decease shall be punished with </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment
of either 'description for a term which may
extend to three years; and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Shall also be liable to fine; and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
If
the offender at the time of such person's decease was employed by him as a
clerk to servant,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) The imprisonment may extend to seven
years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
MEANING AND DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
ACCORDING TO BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Term
breach of trust means; the wrongful misappropriation by a trustee of any fund
or property which had been lawfully committed to him irk` a fiduciary
character."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
STATUTORY DEFINITION UNDER SECTION 405 P.P.C: Criminal breach of trust<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Whoever,
being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over
property, dishonestly misappropriates or convicts to his own use that property,
or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property, in violation of any direction
of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged, or of any
legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of
such trust, or willfully suffers any-other person so to do, commits
"criminal breach of trust."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Explanation:<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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</script>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
'A'
being executor of the will of the deceased person, dishonestly disobeys the law
which directs him to divide the effects according to the will, and appropriates
them to his own use.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7.
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST; UNDER SECTION 405 P.P.C<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
essential ingredients of criminal breach of trust are as follow</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
ENTRUSTING ANY PERSON<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
word entrustment in Section 405 connotes that the accused holds the property in
a fiduciary capacity. One of the ingredients of the offence of criminal breach
of trust is that the person accused must have been entrusted with the property
in question.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
MISAPPROPRIATION OR CONVERSION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
For
an offence of criminal breach of trust besides showing that the property was
entrusted to the accused it is further necessary to show that he had
dishonestly misappropriated or converted it to his own use. Therefore in absence
of any allegation of misappropriation or conversion of the property by the
accused, an offence under Section 406 is not constituted.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(III)
DISPOSAL IN VIOLATION OF ANY LAW OR CONTRACT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
the contract is such that it creates a trust in respect of the property alleged
to have been misappropriated and converted, this section is attracted. It means
that where there was a contract of trust in order to hold certain property in
question and the same is violated by disposing of the property in any manner other
than that was incorporated in the contract, it would amount to criminal breach
of trust. Accused shall also be liable under this section if he does any act in
violation of law concerning the trust.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(IV)
DISHONESTLY<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Another
important ingredient of criminal breach of trust is that misappropriation or
conversion must be the result of dishonesty.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>8.
PUNISHMENT FOR CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
GENERAL PUNISHMENT;. UNDER SECTION 406 P.P.C:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
commits criminal breach of trust shall be punished with;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for a term which may extend to seven
years, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
PUNISHMENT FOR CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST BY CARRIER, ETC. UNDER SECTION 407
P.P.C<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
being entrusted with property as a carrier, wharfing or ware house-keeper,
commits criminal breach of trust in</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
respect of such property, shall be punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years,
and Shall also liable to fine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Here
wharfinger is one who is the owner of wharf.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(III)
PUNISHMENT FOR CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST BY CLERK OR SERVANT; UNDER SECTION 408
P.P.C:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
being clerk or servant with regard to the property of the claimant commits
criminal breach of trust shall be punished with;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years,
and </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Shall also liable to fine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(IV)
PUNISHMENT FOR CRIMINAL BREACH OF TRUST BY PUBLIC SERVANT, OR BY BANKER,
MERCHANT OR AGENT; UNDER SECTION 409 P.P.C:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
being in any manner entrusted with property or with any dominion over property
in his capacity of a public servant or in the way of his business as a banker,
merchant, factor, broker, attorney or agent, commits criminal breach of trust
shall be punished with;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for a term which may extend to ten years, and</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Shall also liable to fine.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-51890040327224637312017-11-13T09:22:00.000-08:002017-11-13T09:22:11.961-08:00Mischief and it's Punishment <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sections
425 to 440 of P.P.C. 1860.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
MEANING & DEFINITION OF MISCHIEF</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Literal Meaning<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Literally
'Mischief means a specific injury or damage' caused to the other with the
intention to hurt or irritate him.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Legal Meaning:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Legally
'Mischief' means an injury or damage caused by a person or an agent especially
for a specific purpose. It may be the thoughtless behavior likely to cause
trouble.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii)
According to Steven H. Gifts</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>It
is that state, that accompanies the intentional doing of a wrongful act without
justification or excuse</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv)
Statutory Definition; Under Section 425 P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Whoever,
with intent to cause, or knowing that he is likely to cause, wrongful loss or
damage to the public; or to any person, causes the destruction of any property
or any such change in any property or in the situation thereof, as destroys or
diminishes its value 671 utility, or affects it injuriously, commits
"mischief</i>".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>Explanation<o:p></o:p></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A'
voluntary burns a valuable security belonging to 'Z' intending to cause
wrongful loss to '2'. 'A' has committed mischief.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3.
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF MISCHIEF; UNDER SECTION 425 P.P.C</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
essential ingredients of Mischief under Section 42$. P.P.C, are as follow:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
INTENTION OR KNOWLEDGE TO CAUSE WRONGFUL LOSS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Intention
to cause wrongful loss or damage is essential for the offence of mischief. This
section requires that there should be an invasion of right and diminution of
the value of one's property. The damage may be caused by an act done with the
intention of defeating and rendering useless a right .about to come into
existence. A dominant owner, having a right of way over land belonging to
another has no right himself to remove an obstruction unless his right of way
is impaired by it. If he does so, he has employed unlawful means and if loss of
property is caused thereby to another, he is guilty under this section. But
where the element of knowledge or intention is missing there can be no
conviction under this section.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
CAUSES THE DESTRUCTION OF ANY PROPERTY OR CHANGE IN ANY PROPERTY:</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is the essence of this offence that the perpetrator must cause the destruction
of property or such change in it as destroys or diminishes its value or
utility: Something should be done to the property contrary to its natural use
and serviceableness. Here property means some tangible property capable of
being forcibly destroyed but does not include easement. Change means a physical
change in composition or form.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
AS DESTROYS OR DIMINISHES ITS VALUE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Destruction
or diminution in value of the property regarding which the offence is committed
is essential. A person who destroys property, which at the time belongs to
himself, with intention of causing or knowing that it is likely to cause, wrongful
loss or damage to anybody else is guilty of this offence.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.
PUNISHMENT FOR MISCHIEF; UNDER SECTION 426 P.P.C</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
commits mischief shall be punished with;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment for three years of
either description; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5.
ENHANCED OF PUNISHMENT FOR MISCHIEF</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In the following situations I consequences the punishment for mischief may be
enhanced.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I)
DAMAGE CAUSED WAS OF VALUE OF 50 RUPEES; UNDER SECTION 427 P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
commits mischief which results in a damage of the value of Rs 50, he shall be
punished with </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for two years; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II)
MISCHIEF KILLING OR MAIMING ANIMAL OF 10 RUPEES; UNDER SECTION 428 P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by killing, maiming or poisoning any animal or
animals of the value of Rs. 10 shall be punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for two years; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Maiming
means the deprivation of the use of a limb or member and implies a permanent
injury. Thus cutting the ears of animals clean off their base so as to affect
their hearing, is maiming of animals within the meaning of Section 428 of PPC.
(AIR 1981 Mad. 638)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III)
MISCHIEF KILLING OR MAIMING CATTLE OF ANY VALUE OR ANY ANIMAL OF 50 RUPEES;
UNDER SECTION 429 P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by killing, maiming or poisoning any cattle e.g.
elephant, camel, horse, mule, buffalo, bull, cow or ox of any value or any
.animal or animals of the value of Rs. 50 shall be punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for five years; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV)
MISCHIEF BY INJURY TO WORK OF IRRIGATION OR B WRONGFULLY DIVERTING WATER; UNDER
SECTION 430 P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by doing any act which causes any damage to water
supply for agricultural purposes or any other purpose mentioned in this section
shall be punished with;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for five years; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V)
MISCHIEF BY INJURY TO PUBLIC ROAD, BRIDGE, RIVER OR CHANNEL UNDER SECTION 431
P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by doing any act which causes any damage to public
road, bridge, river or navigable channel shall be punished with </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for five years; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VI)
MISCHIEF BY CAUSING INUNDATION OR OBSTRUCTION TO PUBLIC DRAINAGE ATTENDED WITH
DAMAGE UNDER SECTION 432 PPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by doing any act which causes an inundation or
obstruction to any public drainage attended with injury or damage shall be
punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for five years; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VII)
MISCHIEF BY DESTROYING OR MOVING A LIGHT-HOUSE OR SEA-MARK UNDER SECTION 433
PPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by doing any act which destroys or moves or renders
less useful a sea-mark or light-house shall be punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for seven years; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VIII)
MISCHIEF BY DESTROYING OR MOVING A LAND MARK UNDER SECTION 434 PPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by doing any act which destroys or moves any
land-mark fixed by public authorities shall b punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
for one year; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Bath.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IX)
MISCHIEF EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCE WITH INTENT TO CAUSE DAMAGE UNDER SECTION 435
P.P.C</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause
damage of Rs. 100/- or of Rs. 10 in case of agricultural produce, shall, be
punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than three years nor
more than seven years; and </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Fine shall also be imposed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(X)
MISCHIEF BY FIRE OR EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCE WITH INTENT TO DESTROY BUILDING OR
HOUSE UNDER SECTION 436 P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to
destroy any building or house shall be punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment for life; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Imprisonment of either description
which shall not be less than three years nor more than ten years; and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Fine shall also be imposed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XI)
MISCHIEF WITH INTENT TO DESTROY OR MAKE UNSAFE A DECKED VESSEL OR ONE OF TWENTY
TONS BURDEN UNDER SECTION 437 P.P. C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief to a decked vessel or any vessel of a burden of
minimum twenty tons with intent to destroy or render it unsafe shall be
punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment of either description
which may extend to ten years; and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Fine shall also be imposed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XII)
MISCHIEF DESCRIBED IN SECTION 437 COMMITTED BY FIRE OR EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCE
UNDER SECTION 438 P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any person
who commits mischief as described in Section 437 with the help of fire or
explosive substance shall be punished with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Imprisonment for life; or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Imprisonment of either description
which may extend to </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
ten years; and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Fine shall also be imposed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XIII)
MISCHIEF BY INTENTIONALLY RUNNING VESSEL AGROUND RO ASHORE WITH INTENT TO
COMMIT THEFT ETC. UNDER SECTION 139 PPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief by intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with
intent to commit theft or misappropriate the property contained therein shall
be punished with </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Imprisonment of either description for ten years; and </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Fine shall also be imposed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(XIV)
MISCHIEF COMMITTED AFTER PREPARATION MADE FOR CAUSING DEATH OR HURT UNDER
SECTION 440 PPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
person who commits mischief after making preparations for causing death or hurt
or wrongful restraint shall be punished with </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Imprisonment of either description for five years; and </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Fine shall also be imposed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
Conclusion<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Mischief
comprises of mental as well as physical elements. The mental element is the
intention which may be express or implied and physical element is the Actus
Reus or guilty act which causes destruction or dangerous change in property.
Pakistan Penal Code provides different punishments for mischief involving
different intensity of destruction. </div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-16071135360879490712017-11-13T09:14:00.000-08:002017-11-13T09:14:49.902-08:00Assault, Hurt and Grievous Hurt<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>1.
ASSAULT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
literal sense the word 'assault' means a "sudden attack". The word
'assault' is derived from a Latin word `assaults' where 'ad' means
"upon", `saltus' means leap" and "adsaltus" means
"to leap upon".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
RELEVANT PROVISIONS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sections
351, 352 to 358 of P.P.C. 1860.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
MEANINGS OF ASSAULT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>An
act which intentionally causes another person to fear immediate and unlawful
hurt or violence</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(III)
DEFINITION OF ASSAULT; UNDER SECTION 351 P.P.C:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Whoever
makes any gesture, or nay preparation intending or knowing it to be likely that
such gesture or preparation will cause any person present to apprehend that he
who makes that gesture or preparation is about to use criminal force to that
person, is said to commit an assault.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(IV)
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF ASSAULT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Some preparation or gesture constituting a threat of force.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
A reasonable apprehension of the use of force.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Ability or capability of the defendant to carry out threat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Explanation</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
An
oral threat made by A to murder B and even if it is made in the presence of B
will not be considered as an assault because mere words could <b>not cause an
assault as the use of criminal force or immediate force is absent</b>.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(V)
PUNISHMENT FOR ASSAULT; UNDER SECTION 352 TO 358, P.P.C</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Assault
is punishable under sections 352 to 358 P.P.C as the case may be.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>2.
HURT</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
RELEVANT PROVISIONS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sections
322 of P.P.C. 1860.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
MEANINGS OF HURT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i)
Literal meanings</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Hurt
means, "<i>to cause physical pain to somebody or yourself</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(ii)
Legal meanings:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Hurt
means, "<i>Harm caused to human body other than death</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(III)
DEFINITION OF HURT; UNDER SECTION 332(1) OF P.P.C<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"Whoever
causes pain, harm, disease, infirmity or injury to any person or impairs,
disables or dismembers any organ of the body or part thereof of any person
without causing his death, is said to cause hurt."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(IV)
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF HURT</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Causing to any person,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Pain, harm, disease, infirmity or
injury,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Impairing, disabling, or dismembering
any organ of the body, or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv) Without causing the death.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3.
GREVIOUS HURT</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
MEANING OF GRIEVOUS HURT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Grievous
hurt means that injury which causes serious harm. </div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /><b>(II)
DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN HURT AND GRIEVOUS HURT</b>:</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(a)
In hurt The injury intended to be caused is not of serious nature but in
grievous hurt Injuries inflicted are of serious nature.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
b.
In hurt it does not include fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth but in
grievous hurt It includes fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
c.
In hurt it does not include permanent disfigurement of head or face but in
grievous hurt It includes permanent disfigurement of head or face.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
d.
In hurt it does not endanger life but in grievous hurt It endanger life. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is important to note that in assault no injury, or hurt, simple or grievous, is
actually inflicted, but there is only an apprehension to causes the same. </div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-75631462084423509202017-11-13T09:10:00.000-08:002017-11-13T09:10:46.934-08:00Daman under Pakistan Penal Code<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sections
299(D), 337 of P.P.C. 1860.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2.
MODES OF PUNISHMENT UNDER QISAS & MAT ORDINANCE</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
this Law two kinds of punishments are provided, they are: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>a) Corporeal Punishments:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Corporeal
punishments are as follows;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Qisas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Tazir</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b)
Compensatory Punishments:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Compensatory
punishments as follows;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Diyat:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Arsh: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Daman:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3.
DEFINITION OF DAMAN; UNDER SECTION 299(D)- OF P.P.C:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Daman
means the compensation determined by the court to be paid by the offender to
the victim for causing hurt not liable to Arsh</i>.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.
OFFENCES WHERE DAMAN IS AWARDED UND A PAKISTAN PENAL CODE</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Punishment
of Daman is awarded only in cases of hurt. We will see them one by one;</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(I)
PUNISHMENT FOR GHAYR JAIFAH; UNDER SECTION 337-F P.P.C:</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
does any act with the intention of causing hurt to any other person and in
doing so he causes any type of Ghayr-Jaifah i.e.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Damiyah, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Badi'ah,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) Mutalahimah, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv) Mudihah,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(v) Hashimah, or </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(vi) Munaqqilah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Shall
be liable to Daman with imprisonment.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(II)
PUNISHMENT FOR HURT BY RASH OR NEGLIGENT DRIVING; UNDER SECTION 337-G P.P.C</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes any hurt which amounts to Ghayr-Jaifah or hurt Under Section 337-L to
any person by rash or negligent driving shall be liable to Daman with or
without imprisonment.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(III)
PUNISHMENT FOR HURT BY RASH OR NEGLIGENT ACT; UNDER SECTION 337-H P.P.C</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes any hurt which amounts to Ghayr-Jaifah or hurt Under Section 337-L to
any person by rash or negligent act shall be liable to Daman with or without
imprisonment.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(IV)
PUNISHMENT FOR CAUSING HURT BY MISTAKE; UNDER SECTION 337-1 P.P.C</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes any hurt which amounts to Ghayr-Jaifah or hurt Under Section 337-L to
any person by mistake shall be liable to Daman.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(V)
PUNISHMENT FOR CAUSING HURT BY POISON; UNDER SECTION 337-J P.P.C:</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
administers poison or any other like thing with the intention of causing any
hurt or to facilitate the commission of a crime shall be liable to Daman if
such hurt caused is Ghayr-Jaifah or hurt Under Section 337-L with imprisonment
of either description which may extend to ten years.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(VI)
PUNISHMENT FOR CAUSING HURT TO EXTORT CONFESSION; UNDER SECTION 337-K P.P.C</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes any hurt for the purpose of extorting confession or to compel
restoration of property, shall be liable to Daman if the hurt caused is
Ghayr-Jaifah or hurt Under Section 337-L along with the imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to ten years.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(VII)
PUNISHMENT FOR ANY OTHER HURT; UNDER SECTION 337-L P.P.C:</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i)
Hurt which endangers life or causes sufferer to remain in pain for twenty or
more days:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes any hurt to any person which endangers his life or causes the sufferer
to bear severe bodily pain for twenty or more days shall be liable to daman and
also be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to seven years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii)
Hurt not covered by sub-section 1 of section 337-L P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes any hurt to any person which is not covered by Subsection 1 of Section
337-L shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to two years or with daman or with both.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>5.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING THE VALUE OF DAMAN; UNDER SECTION
337-Y(1) P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Value
of Daman is not stated specifically anywhere rather it is decided by the court
objectively keeping in mind the circumstances of each case. Under Section
337-Y(1) when a court determines the value of daman, it has to consider the
following factors;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Expenses incurred on the treatment
of the victim,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii) Loss or disability caused in the
functioning or power of any organ, and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii) The compensation for the anguish
suffered by the victim.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.
CONSEQUENCES FOR THE NON-PAYMENT OF DAMAN; UNDER SECTION 337-Y(2) P.P.C</b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Daman
shall be recovered from the convict and in case the whole Daman is not
recovered, the convict shall be kept in jail until the payment of Daman in
full. The convict shall be considered to be in simple imprisonment during the
period of his detaining in jail for non-payment of Daman. He may also be
released on bail on furnishing security to the satisfaction of the court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>7.
DISBURSEMENT OF DAMAN; UNDER SECTION 337-Z P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Daman
shall be payable to the;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(I)
Victim or</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
His heirs in case of death of victim according to their shares in property of
the victim.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-88769502259011279672017-11-11T13:43:00.000-08:002017-11-11T13:43:07.102-08:00Arsh and Punishment of Arsh<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>1. RELEVANT PROVISIONS</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sections
299(b), 323, 334, 336, 337 of P.P.C. 1860.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>2. MODES OF PUNISHMENT UNDER QISAS &
DIYAT ORDINANCE:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
this Law two kinds of punishments are provided, they are:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(a) Corporeal Punishments: Corporeal
punishments are as follows;</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(I)
Qisas:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Tazir</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(b) Compensatory Punishments: </u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Compensatory
punishments are as follows;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Diyat:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Arsh:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Daman</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>3. ARSH; DEFINED:</u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i) Case Law Definition: 2002 YLR 513.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Arsh
is compensation for offence relating to various kinds of hurt.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii) Statutory Definition; Under Section
299(b) of P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
"<i>Arsh means the compensation specified in
this Chapter to be paid to the victim or his heirs under this Chapter</i>."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Thus
Arsh is actually specific percentage of diyat. So in order to determine the
value of Arsh, it is necessary to determine the value of diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>4. VALUE OF DIYAT; UNDER SECTION 323 OF
P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Section
323 provides that the value of diyat shall be equal to the value of 30630 grams
of silver. The government shall notify in its official gazette value of silver
every year on 1st day of July or on any other date as the government deems fit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>5. OFFENCES FOR WHICH PUNISHMENT OF ARSH IS
AWARDED:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
punishment of Arsh is awarded only in cases of hurt. As we see in Qisas &
Diyat Ordinance, punishment of Arsh is not given in qatl cases rather it is
only provided in cases of hurt. Thus following are the offences of hurt for
which Arsh is awarded by the court;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I) PUNISHMENT FOR ITLAF-I-UDW; UNDER
SECTION 334 OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
offender causes ltlaf-i-Udw of victim and Qisas is not executable then he shall
be liable to Arsh value of which shall be determined according to the facts and
circumstances of each case keeping in view the principles of equality and
injunction of Islam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II) PUNISHMENT FOR ITLAF-I-SALAHIYYAT-I-U
DW: U/S 336 PPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>SECTION
336 OF P.P.C<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
offender causes ltlaf-i-Salahiyyat-i-Udw of victim and where Qisas is not
executable then he shall be liable to Arsh value of which shall be determined
according to the facts and circumstances of each case keeping in view the
principles of equality and injunction of Islam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III) PUNISHMENT FOR SHAJJAH:UNDER SECTION
337-A OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Punishment
of Arsh is also provided for different kinds of Shajjah as follows;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i) Punishment for Shajjah-i-Mudihah; Under
Section 337-A(ii) of P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes Shajjah-i-Mudihah for which Qisas cannot be executable, he shall be
liable to Arsh value of which shall be 5% of Diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(ii) Punishment for Shajjah-i-Hashimah; Under
Section 337-A(iii) of P.P.C </u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes Shajjah-i-Hashimah shall be liable to Arsh value of which shall be 10%
of Diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iii) Punishment for Shajjah-i-Munaqqilah;
Under Section 337-A(iv) of P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes Shajjah-i-Munaqqilah shall be liable to Arsh value of which shall be 15%
of Diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(iv) Punishment for Shajjah-i-Ammah; Under
Section 337-A(v) of P.P.0</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes Shajjah-i-Ammah shall be liable to Arsh value of which shall be
one-third of Diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(v) Punishment for Shajjah-i-Damighah;
Under Section 337-A(vi) of P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes Shajjah-i-Damighah shall be liable to Arsh value of which shall be
one-half of Diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV) PUNISHMENT FOR JAIFAH; UNDER SECTION
337-D OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes Jaifah shall be liable to Arsh value of which shall be one-third of
diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V) PUNISHMENT FOR HURT BY RASH OR
NEGLIGENT DRIVING; UNDER SECTION 337-G
OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes hurt by rash or negligent driving shall be punished with Arsh or Daman
specified for the kind of hurt the victim suffers as a result of such rash
driving.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VI) PUNISHMENT FOR HURT BY RASH OR
NEGLIGENT ACT; UNDER SECTION 337-H OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes hurt by rash or negligent act shall be punished with Arsh or Daman
specified for the kind of hurt the victim suffers as a result of such rash'or
negligent act.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VII) PUNISHMENT 'FOR CAUSING HURT BY
MISTAKE; UNDER SECTION 337-I OF P.P.C.</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes hurt by mistake shall be punished with Arsh or Daman specified for the
kind of hurt the victim suffers as a result of such mistake.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VIII) PUNISHMENT FOR HURT BY MEANS OF A
POISON; UNDER SECTION 337-J P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes hurt to any person by means of poison or any other intoxicant shall be
liable to Arsh or Daman specified for the kind of hurt.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IX) PUNISHMENT FOR CAUSING HURT TO EXTORT
CONFESSION; UNDER SECTION 337-K OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Whoever
causes hurt to any person to extort confession or to compel restoration of any
property or valuable security, he shall be punished with Qisas, Arsh or Daman
specified for the kind of hurt.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(X) WHERE HURT NOT LIABLE TO QISAS; UNDER
SECTION 337-M OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
section provides That where hurt is not liable to Qisas because the offender is
a minor or insane person, then he shall be liable to Arsh.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6. VALUATION OF ARSH FOR DIFFERENT ORGANS:</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I) ARSH FOR SINGLE ORGANS; UNDER SECTION
337-Q P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
an offender causes Itlaf of an organ of the victim which is found singly in
human body e.g. nose or tongue, the value of Arsh for such Itlaf shall be <b><i>equivalent
to Diyat</i></b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II) ARSH FOR ORGANS IN PAIRS; UNDER
SECTION 337-R P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
an offender causes Itlaf of an organ of the victim which is found in pairs in
human body e.g. arm, leg etc., the value of Arsh for such Itlaf shall be
one-half of the value of diyat in case Itlaf of one of the organ in that pair
is caused e.g. Itlaf of one arm out of two. But where the Iflaf of the pair is
caused, the value of Arsh shall be equal to the <b><i>value of Diyat</i></b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III) ARSH FOR ORGANS IN QUADRUPLICATE;
UNDER SECTION 337-S P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
value of Arsh for causing Itlaf of organs found in sets of four e.g. eyelids
shall be as follows;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
One-fourth of the Diyat, if the Itlaf is of one of such organs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
One-half of the Diyat, if the Itlaf is of two of such organs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Three-fourth of the diyat, if the Itlaf is of three of such organs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iv)
Full Diyat, if the Itlaf is of all the four organs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(IV) ARSH FOR FINGERS; UNDER SECTION 337-T
OF P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
value of Arsh for causing Itlaf of finger or its joint is as follows;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) Me
of Finger of Hand or Foot: The value of Arsh for causing Itlaf of finger of hand
or foot shall be one tenth of diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
Itlaf of a Joint of a Finger: The value of Arsh for causing Itlaf of a joint of
a finger shall be one-thirtieth o f diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Me of Joint of a Thumb: Where the Itlaf is of the joint of thumb, the value of Arsh
shall be one-twenthlth of diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(V) ARSH FOR TEETH; UNDER SECTION 337-U
P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>(i) Itlaf of a Single Tooth:</b> The value
of Arsh for causing Itlaf of a single tooth but such tooth must not be a mil
tooth, shall be one-twentieth of diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(II)
<b>Itlaf of Twenty or more Teeth:</b> The
value of Arsh of causing ,Itlaf of twenty or more teeth shall be equal t the
value of diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
Itlaf of a milk tooth where it impedes the growth o new tooth: Although the
punishment for Mai. of Milk Tooth is daman with imprisonment, but where such
Itlaf obstruct or block the growth of a new tooth, the punishment shall be Arsh
equivalent to one-twentieth of Diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(VI) ARSH FOR HAIR; UNDER SECTION 337-V OF
P.P.C</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i) <b>Uprooting of all the Hair:</b> Where anyone
uproots all the hair of the head, beard, moustaches, eyebrows, eyelashes Or any
other part of the body, he shall be liable to Arsh equivalent to diyat with
imprisonment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
<b>Uprooting of one Eyebrow:</b> Value of
Arsh for uprooting one of the eyebrows shall be one-half of diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(iii)
<b>Uprooting of one Eyelash:</b> Value of
Arsh for P.P.C uprooting one eyelash shall be one-fourth of diyat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u>7. MERGER OF ARSH;
UNDER SECTION 337-W OF P.P.C</u></b><br />
Where the accused causes more than one hurt, he shall be liable to Arsh
specified for each hurt separately. E.g. Where an accused causes Itlaf of one
year along with one hand, he shall be liable to Arsh for each such Itlaf.
However following two conditions must be kept in mind while computing the value
of Arsh;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(I) Where
accused causes hurt to one organ, he shall be liable to Arsh for such organ and
not Arsh for causing hurt to any other part of the same organ.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i) Explanation:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
accused causes Itlaf of finger of a hand and then causes Itlaf of the whole
hand, here he shall be liable to Arsh for causing Itlaf of the whole hand and
not for Mai of finger and hand separately.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(II)
Where the accused causes many hurts to a person on his body and afterwards
wounds join together and become a single wound, the accused shall be liable
Arsh for such single wound.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(i) Explanation:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
a person stabs a person twice in his stomach so close that as a result of such
double attack two wounds form into a single wound. Here the accused shall be
liable to Arsh for such single wound.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>8. PAYMENT OF ARSH; UNDER SECTION 337-X OF
P.P.C</b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(I) MODE OF PAYMENT:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Arsh
shall be paid in the following ways;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
Lump Sum or</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
In installments.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
the court allows the accused to pay Arsh in installments, such installments
must not spread more than a period of three years from the date of final
judgment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(II) FAILURE TO PAY ARSH</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
a convict fails to pay Arsh in full of any part thereof within a period as
specified above, he may be kept in jail under the pays the remaining part. In
such way he shall be dealt in same manner as if he has got simple imprisonment.
Such person may also be released on bail if he furnished security equal to the
amount of Arsh in the satisfaction of the court. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>(III) WHERE ACCUSED IDES BEFORE PAYMENT OF
ARSH</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Where
the accused dies before payment of Arsh or any part thereof, the same shall be
recovered for his state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>9. DISBURSEMENT OF ARSH; UNDER SECTION
337-Z OF PPC</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Under
the section, Arsh shall be payable to</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(i)
The victim; or</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
(ii)
His heirs according to their share in victim's property, where the victim dies.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-74479938557510738382017-11-06T08:30:00.002-08:002017-11-06T08:30:21.870-08:00Unitary Features of Indian Constitution that Ensures the Existence of our Federal & Combined Polity<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Despite
the fact that India is a federation, in principle fundamentally, yet for all
intents and purposes, the focal government body is significantly more grounded
in control than the state governments. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
this article, we might talk about the unitary highlights of the constitution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
Strong Centre</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In a
perfect elected state, there is an adjust of energy between the state and the
focal government. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
our constitution, the division of energy isn't impartial in any way. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
adjust of forces is supportive of the union government.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>It
will be clearer from the following examples:<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><br /></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
the union rundown, there are a bigger number of subjects than the state list.
This implies, the union government has a more extensive scope of subjects
whereupon it can make laws and has control over than the state governments. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
subjects in the union rundown are substantially more imperative for the
protection, economy and general improvement of the country than the subjects
said in the state list. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Simultaneous
rundown should be a rundown of subjects on which both the state and the union
governments can make laws. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Be
that as it may, even regarding these matters, the union government has a
superseding specialist. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Residuary
subjects implies those subjects which are not said in any of the rundowns. The
ability to make laws regarding these matters has additionally been given to the
union government also. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
isn't the situation in the United States of America, which is an impeccable
government state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There,
the states make the laws on the residuary subjects.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
States not Indestructible</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
states in India have no regional rights. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
implies the union government, by the utilization of one-sided activity, can
change the name, limit or region of any state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
What's
more is that it should be possible with a straightforward lion's share and not
an exceptional greater part. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
this way the Indian federation is called as 'an indestructible Union of
destructible states". </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Though
the American federation is known as 'an indestructible union of indestructible
states'.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
Single Constitution</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
By
and large, in a federation, the states likewise have their different
constitution separated shape a union constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
any case, in India, there is one incomparable constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
states have no energy to outline their own particular constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
constitution of India doesn't just cover the middle, yet additionally the
states. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Governments
at both the inside and state levels must capacity inside the rules and laws of
the constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There
is just special case. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
province of Jammu and Kashmir has its own state constitution.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
4.
Flexibility of the Indian Constitution</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Constitution of India is neither inflexible nor adaptable. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
implies that the composers of the Indian Constitution made it in such a way, to
the point that it is neither too simple nor excessively troublesome, making it
impossible to correct the constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
any case, an extensive piece of the Indian Constitution can be changed by the
focal government either by straightforward dominant part or an exceptional
greater part. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Also,
the states have no energy to present or propose a revision. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
must be finished by the focal in the parliamentary houses. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
While
in the US, the states can likewise propose a revision.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
5.
No Equality of Representation</h3>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
the United States, each state has 2 individuals in the senate. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
American Constitution is an assention between the states and they are
indestructible. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
India be that as it may, the quantity of individuals speaking to their separate
states is relative to the number of inhabitants in those states. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Essentially
expressing, states with more populace, have more individuals speaking to that
specific state in Rajya Sabha.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
6.
Emergency Provision</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
indicated by the Indian Constitution, there are three sorts of crises national,
state and money related. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Amid
any sort of crisis, the middle holds all the power and the states are in full
control of the inside. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
implies India turns into a unitary country from a government nation and it
doesn't require a formal revision that should be passed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
is an extremely one of a kind element of our constitution.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
7.
Single Citizenship</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
spite of the fact that India received a double commonwealth framework in which
the government follows up on two levels, the inside and the state, however
India embraced the idea of single citizenship simply like Canada. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
the US, each individual has a citizenship of the nation and their separate
states in which, they appreciate certain extra rights. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Each
Indian subject has just a single citizenship, and appreciates parallel rights
regardless of the states they have a place with.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
8.
Integrated judiciary</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
legal arrangement of India is going by the Supreme Court with all the state
high courts under it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is a solitary legal framework and oversees and forces both the focal and the
state laws. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
US, there are two legal frameworks where the government legal framework forces
the elected laws and the state legal framework forces the state laws.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
9.
All India Services</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
India, the middle and state have their different open administrations. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Be
that as it may, notwithstanding these, India likewise has all India
administrations like IAS, IFS, and IPS which serve both the middle and the
state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
individuals from these administrations are enlisted and prepared by the middle
are in extreme control of the inside. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
They
are posted in various expresses everywhere throughout the nation at the tact of
the middle.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
10.
Integrated Audit Machinery</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
reviews of the state and focus accounts is finished by the Comptroller and
Auditor General of India who is named by the president without counseling the
states. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
implies the budgetary government of the states is traded off.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
11.
Parliament’s Authority over State List</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
subjects in the state list should be the issues on which the states have elite
and full self-sufficiency. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Be
that as it may, if a movement is passed in the Rajya Sabha because of national
intrigue, at that point the parliament can have a discourse on those issues
too. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
should be possible with no change to the constitution or even with no crisis.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
12.
Appointment of Governor</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
legislative head of the states is named by the president for whatever length of
time that he satisfies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
senator goes about as the agent of the inside in each state and keeps them in
charge.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
13.
Integrated Election Machinery</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Election Commission of India is constituted by the President. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
conducts decision for both the states and the inside and the states have
nothing to do with the arrangement and expulsion of its individuals</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
14.
Veto over State Bills</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
President of India can veto certain sorts of bills that are passed in the state
assembly. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
veto isn't quite recently suspensive veto, yet supreme veto. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
such bills are given to the President by the Governor of that specific state.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-77994547092273855202017-11-06T04:17:00.000-08:002017-11-06T04:17:00.376-08:00Property Rights In Indian Constitution<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Preamble of our constitution expresses that the India will work towards giving
social, financial and political equity to its residents. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
basic explanation has a wide significance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
For
instance, to give monetary equity to the populace everywhere, there first
should be financial development, which implies development of the three parts
essential, optional and tertiary. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
it were, development must be there in agricultural segment, mechanical division
and administrations. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Presently,
the tertiary segment doesn't request excessively arrive however the essential
and optional parts require colossal territories of land. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Indian government advocated that land ought to never be a deterrent or an
obstruction in the way of advancement of the nation. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Consequently,
under the arrangements of "Eminent Domain, the Government of India has the
privilege to obtain any property having a place with an individual or
association which is to be utilized as a part of the enthusiasm of open
improvement. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Open
Interests may respect to the prerequisites of land for lodging ventures,
expulsion of ghettos, arrive for remote departments, settlement or government
representatives, arrive for agrarian changes, specialized training and modern
works. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
energy of the administration made an enormous number of question and is in
charge of a size-capable number of property related cases in different official
courtrooms. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
These
debate can be fundamentally gathered in two classes, <b>the Adequate Compensation Disputes and the Amendment related disputes.</b></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Background</u></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Article 31, 31(a), 31(b) and 31(c) of
Indian Constitution</b> describe the rights of an Indian citizen to property.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
comprehend these better and for all time, we initially need to take a gander at
its experience and the vital occasions and corrections that have driven this
segment of Part 3 of Indian Constitution(Fundamental Rights) to its present
state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
19 (1) (f) of Indian Constitution expresses that each individual has the
privilege to hold and discard their own property as they see fit and as long as
it's inside the simultaneous laws. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
However,
this article likewise had some broad limitations or special cases for instance,
the property can be procurement end for the general welfare of people in
general, or assurance of the interests of the booked tribes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
31 of Indian Constitution expresses that no individual can be denied of his
property without the assent of an appropriate specialist. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Both
of these articles were revoked by the <b><i>44th Amendment Act of the Indian
Constitution</i></b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
amendment was challenged in the <b>RC
Cooper vs Union of India case</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
case is more popularly known as the <b>Nationalization</b>
case.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Around
then, Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of our nation and the union
government intended to advance the development of the country by giving
advances to the ranchers and private companies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
To
accomplish this, the administration securing ed the private banks. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
prompted various debate in regards to insufficient pay. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
banks contemplated that in spite of the fact that they were adjusted for their
properties, they were not made up for their notoriety.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>According
to the Supreme Court judgement, following important points were made</u><o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
The remuneration gave to the banks under Article 31 of the constitution can't
be fanciful or subjective. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
The non-unmistakable resources of the banks ought to likewise be made up for. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
The pay can't be a settled sum or in view of a self-assertive guideline. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
At
that point in the 25th Amendment Act, the Parliament supplanted the word 'compensation'
in the Article 31 of Indian Constitution with 'amount'.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Following
this, in <b>Keshavananda Bharti case of
1973</b>, Supreme Court ruled that the amount cannot be arbitrary.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Articles 31a, 31b, and 31c of Indian
Constitution</b> put confinements on the principal ideal to property in the
welfare of people in general.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Article 31a of Indian Constitution</b></h2>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
31 of Indian Constitution gave the general population of India the privilege to
hold and discard their property as they see fit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
By
the 1st Constitutional Amendment of 1951, the Parliament added Article 31a to
the Indian Constitution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
According
to this, the government can acquire the property of the people and by doing so,
the fundamental rights mentioned in <b>Article
14 and 19 of Indian Constitution</b> shall not be violated.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
other words, Article 31a of Indian Constitution was immune to Article 14 and 19
of Indian Constitution that provide for right to equality and the right to
freedom respectively.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><u><br /></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><u>This amendment allowed the government to
enhance the growth of the nation in the following manner:</u></i><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
It helped in the nullification of the Zamindari framework as the administration
took the land from the Zamindars and utilized it for open welfare by either
redistribution or farming. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
The administration took control of various privately owned businesses with a
specific end goal to utilize them for improved development. Be that as it may,
this should be possible for a settled measure of time after which, the control
must be returned. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
The administration redistributed the mining rights from mine rulers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
4.
The legislature took control of the generation and dissemination of different
assets like oil.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Article
31b of Indian Constitution</i></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
article is also the result of the 1st Amendment Act of 1951.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is in reference with the acts and laws mentioned in the <b><i>IX Schedule of the Indian
Constitution</i></b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
IX Schedule of Indian Constitution is a rundown of acts and laws which can't be
tested in the official courtroom. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
At
the end of the day, any such demonstrations said in this calendar are out of
the scope of the Indian legal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
31b of Indian Constitution expresses that the arrangements said in Article 31a
are safe from Indian legal and can't be nulled on the premise that they may
abuse the essential rights specified in Articles 14, 19 and 31 of Indian
Constitution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
was challenged in the Waman Rao case.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
On
24th April 1973, the Supreme Court decided that the demonstrations and laws
specified in the IX plan till date, should not be changed or tested, but rather
any endeavor to revise or add more acts to that calendar, will endure close
review and examination by the legal framework. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
was done to secure the 'Basic structure' of the Indian Constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
demonstrations as of now said in the ninth Schedule of Indian Constitution were
exempted in view of the multifaceted nature.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Article 31c of Indian Constitution</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
31c of Indian Constitution was incorporated through the 25th amendment
demonstration of 1971 through which the administration attempted to offer power
to some Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
31c of Indian Constitution goes for two primary targets - </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
Any law made so as to offer impact to Article 39b and Article 39c of Indian
Constitution will maintain a strategic distance from the examination of courts
regardless of the possibility that it abuses Article 14 and Article 19 of the
Indian Constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
Courts won't have the locale to choose whether the law empowered truly offers
impact to the standards specified in Article 39cand 39b of Indian Constitution.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Presently
it's imperative to peruse the content of Article 39c and 39b of Indian
Constitution </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
39b of Indian Constitution peruses - </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
that
the possession and control of the material assets of the group are so
circulated as best to subserve the benefit of all; </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Article
39c of Indian Constitution peruses - </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
that
the operation of the monetary framework does not bring about the convergence of
riches and methods for creation to the regular disadvantage;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Conclusion</u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
privilege to property has been a mind boggling and convoluted subject ideal
from 1951. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There
have been various changes and Supreme Court decisions throughout the years. </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
From
one viewpoint, the parliament has attempted its best keep the adjust of energy
to support its, all for the sake of advancement, while then again, the legal
bodies have attempted its best to ensure that in this procedure, the central
privileges of the ordinary citizens are not damaged, which is the most extreme
obligation of the Supreme Court.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-65974082837817324812017-11-05T07:28:00.003-08:002017-11-05T07:30:57.705-08:00President's Rule Under Article 356 of Indian Constitution<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
this article, we might discuss the second kind of emergency which is connected
in States. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
sort of emergency is known as president's run or state emergency or
constitutional emergency. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
per Article 355 of the Indian constitution, the middle has been offered an
obligation to guarantee that the legislature of each state of the nation works
as per the arrangements which are said in the Indian Constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
the event that for reasons unknown the state government acts unconstitutionally
or is unequipped for keeping up peace, at that point under Article 356 of the
Indian constitution, the middle has the ability to assume control over the
administration of such states. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Such
a circumstance is prominently known as burden of president's govern in a state.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Grounds on which Article 356 of Indian
Constitution or the president's rule can be proclaimed in a state</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
On the off chance that the president is fulfilled that a specific circumstance
has come up in a state with the end goal that the Governance of that state
isn't being carried on constitutionally, at that point, as per the arrangements
said in Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, the president can proclaim a
decree of state emergency. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
He can likewise be instructed by the senator with respect to the state of such
a circumstance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
The third purpose behind the revelation of state emergency is that at whatever
point a state neglects to agree to any headings gave by the focal government,
the president, under Article 356 of the Indian constitution can consider this
circumstance deserving of state emergency.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Process for the declaration of
president's rule according to Article 356 of Indian Constitution</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
So
far we know the conditions under which the president can pronounce president's
control in a state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
such decree must be affirmed by both the places of the Parliament which are Lok
Sabha and Rajya Sabha inside 2 months of its issue. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
any case, if at the season of the announcement of president's run, the lok
Sabha has been broken down because of any reason, such a decree is legitimate
till 30 days from the fisrst sitting of Lok Sabha. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Additionally
if the Lok Sabha is broken down inside 2 months of the decree of president's
lead, and still, at the end of the day it is legitimate just for 30 days after
the reconstitution of Lok Sabha. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
However
without Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha must give its endorsement to the decree
meanwhile. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
When
president's control has been endorsed by the two places of the Parliament it
proceeds for a half year as it were. </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
can be stretched out for a time of greatest 3 years after it has been endorsed
by the parliament like clockwork. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Again
if amid these a half year the Lok Sabha is disintegrated because of any reason
before it could endorse its continuation then Rajya Sabha must affirm the
continuation of president manage, which will be legitimate till 30 days from
the primary sitting of Lok Sabha. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Another
imperative point is that to pick up the endorsement of the Parliament, the
president's control announcement can be passed by a straightforward greater
part in both the houses. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
At
the end of the day not at all like a national emergency, which requires an
exceptional greater part in each house, president's administer can be passed by
a straightforward dominant part, that is, most of the individuals from the
house which are available and voting. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
arrangement for the expansion of president's manage in a state was altered by
the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
alteration constrained the energy of parliament to expand president's manage in
a state longer than one year. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
states that following 1 year the president's control must be reached out by a
half year on end, if and just if the accompanying conditions are satisfied: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
a.
National emergency has been announced in the nation or a piece of the nation. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
b.
The general decisions of the administrative Assembly of the concerned state
can't be directed because of specific troubles, the reality of which must be
confirmed by the Election Commission.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Revocation of President's Rule</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
procedure to repudiate the president's manage is very basic. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
president can renounce this declaration whenever without the endorsement of the
parliament.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Scope of Judicial Review with regard to
President's Rule under Article 356 of Indian Constitution</u></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
By
the 38th amendment demonstration of 1975, the arrangement of President's
fulfillment to force Article 356 of Indian Constitution was made last and
definitive. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
indicated by this change, the energy of the president to force President's
decide was esteemed with the goal that it couldn't be tested in an official
courtroom. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Nonetheless,
this was later evacuated by the 44th amendment demonstration of 1978 which gave
that the fulfillment of the president could be tested in an official courtroom.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>In 1994, in Bommai case, the Supreme
Court laid down the following recommendations regarding the imposition of
president’s rule in a state:</u></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
The president's declaration of state emergency is liable to legal audit. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
The premise on which the president has declared president's run must be on
significant material. It can be repudiated or struck around the court if the
grounds are observed to be insignificant or malafide. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
The weight to give verification of pertinent material on the premise of which
the decree was made lies with the Center </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
4.
The court can't dive into the rightness of the material gave by the Center. It
can just judge if the material is significant to the emergency decree </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
5.
On the off chance that the material is observed to be unconstitutional or
invalid, the court can resuscitate the suspended state administrative gathering
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
6.
The state authoritative get together should just be broken up after the
announcement has been endorsed by the president. Until at that point, it must
be suspended. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
7.
On the off chance that a state is observed to act against the mainstream idea
of the constitution, it is at risk for Article 356. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
8.
The forces specified in article 356 are uncommon. These forces ought to be
practiced once in a while and just in instances of genuine crises and not for
political additions. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
For
instance, if there should arise an occurrence of inner aggravations, it isn't
fit to force president's administer unless the circumstance adds up to physical
brutality. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
9.
Article 356 ought not forced without giving the state governments a notice to
amend themselves. Nonetheless, this can be skipped in instances of
extraordinary urgencies.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-31710077607698869172017-11-05T07:13:00.001-08:002017-11-05T07:13:34.396-08:00Financial Emergency under Article 360 of Indian Constitution<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
third and last sort of emergency is known as the financial emergency. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
provisions for pronouncing a financial emergency are said in Article 360 of the
Indian Constitution. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
per this provision, the president can pronounce an announcement for financial
emergency on the off chance that he is satisfied that a situation has arisen
which can influence the financial stability or the credit of India or any piece
of the Indian Territory. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Just
like we discussed in President's Rule, the thirty eight Amendment Act of 1975
gave that the satisfaction of the president about such a situation is last and
conclusive. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
satisfaction, which acts as the grounds of financial emergency, can't be tested
in an official courtroom.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
provision was also changed later by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978 which gave
that the satisfaction of the president is not outside boundaries of legal
audit.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Process of proclamation of financial
emergency under Article 360 of Indian Constitution</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
president can proclaim a financial emergency in the entire nation or any piece
of the nation on the off chance that he is satisfied of its need. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Any
such announcement must be affirmed by both the houses of the Parliament which
are Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, inside two months from the date of the
presentation. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
However,
in the event that at the season of the assertion, Lok sabha is dissolved
because of any reason whatsoever, at that point such an announcement can survive
for 30 days starting from the first sitting of the reconstituted Lok Sabha. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Also,
if the Lok Sabha is dissolved inside the first two months of the decree, and
still, after all that the declaration will survive for 30 days after the Lok
Sabha has been reconstituted and has had its first sitting. Meanwhile the
announcement must have been endorsed by the Rajya Sabha. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Once
the decree for financial emergency has been affirmed by the two houses of the
Parliament it shall proceed inconclusively, until the point that it is
repudiated by the president. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
president dissimilar to national Emergency, can repudiate the declaration for
financial emergency whenever, without seeking the endorsement of the
Parliament(Lok Sabha).</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Implications of Financial Emergency
under Article 360 of Indian Constitution</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
There is no most extreme period set for the operation of financial emergency. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
Dissimilar to National emergency or state emergency, there is no requirement
for rehashed endorsement from the parliament for the continuation of financial
emergency.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Effects of financial emergency as
detailed under Article 360 of Indian Constitution</u></b></h2>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
The official expert of the focal government is stretched out to offer
directions to the state governments to take legitimate and just financial
decisions to handle the current issue. Also the focal government is approved to
give satisfactory directions to the states as instructed by the president. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
These directions may incorporate the lessening in salaries and allowances of a
specific class of individuals serving in the state or each native in the
state. The president can also reserve
all cash bills or other financial bills for his own particular consideration
after they have been passed by the Legislature of the state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
The president can also issue directions to diminish the salaries and allowances
of individuals from any class serving the union, including the judges of the
Supreme Court and the High Courts. Accordingly to finish up, amid a financial
emergency, the focal government takes full control over the financial matters
of the states. As indicated by HN Kunzru, an individual from the constituent
assembly, the financial emergency provisions pose a grave risk to the financial
independence of each Indian state. Dr BR Ambedkar clarified the reasons behind
such provisions by stating that these provisions are similar in example to the
National Recovery Act of the United States which was passed in 1933. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As
indicated by this, the President of The United States of America had the
ability to make similar provisions keeping in mind the end goal to evacuate and
handle both monetary and financial difficulties. This step was taken as a
result of the Great Depression which had surpassed the American individuals in
1930. Till date no financial emergency has been proclaimed in the nation or any
piece of it. However there was a financial crisis in the year 1991. This
concludes each of the three types of emergency provisions.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Despite all these advantages, some
members of the constituent assembly criticized the inclusion of emergency
provisions into the constitution based on the following grounds:</u></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
They were worried that these provisions will destroy the elected character of
the Constitution by making the focal government truly effective. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
President may turn into a despot. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
The financial emergency provisions will take away the financial self-governance
and autonomy of a state. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
4.
Basic structure of the constitution which is based upon the rigidness of the
basic rights will be destroyed. As per H V Kamath, the emergency provisions
establish the framework of a totalitarian state which totally oppose every one
of the ideas and principles of freedom and opportunity. He was worried that the words Liberty or vote
based system may stay as negligible words under the constitution if the
president decides to use the emergency provisions to wind up plainly a despot. TT
Krishnamachari expected that by using these provisions the president and the
official will exercise a constitutional dictatorship. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
HN
Kunzru was worried about the loss of financial self-governance of the states
amid financial emergencies. For the emergency provisions, Alladi Krishnaswamy
Ayyer, called the emergency provisions the very life and breath of the
constitution whereas Mahavir Tyagi considered the emergency provisions as a
safety valve which will thusly help in the support of the Indian Constitution. Dr BR Ambedkar shielded the emergency
provisions in the constituent assembly yet he was also worried about their
misuse.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In a
statement he said," <b><i>I do not
altogether deny that there is a possibility of the articles being abused or
employed for political purposes</i></b>".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
So
to close this section of emergency provisions, these provisions can be called
as the necessary malevolence of our constitution with the two advantages and
disadvantages. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There
have been a ton of cases where the provisions for state emergency have been
used for political gains in the past. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
However,
there have also been sure cases where these remarkable emergency provisions
have helped our country under grave circumstances.</div>
firsthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12506134554645789816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2704667832740555374.post-89589651074587546472017-11-05T01:02:00.001-08:002017-11-05T01:02:17.065-08:00Cabinet Committees and Empowered Group of Ministers in Indian Parliament<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
Cabinet is the most astounding basic leadership government body of our nation
which is going by the Prime Minister. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In
any case, given the gigantic workload of different issues which should be
tended to, once in a while either the Cabinet or the Prime Minister designate a
portion of the work to extraordinary committees. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
These
committees manage extraordinary issues and are constituted by the circumstance.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><u>Important points can be noted with
respect to these Cabinet committees</u></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.
The idea of Cabinet committees isn't said in the constitution, thus they are
called additional constitutional. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
These
committees depend on the Rules of Business which give an arrangement to setting
up of such committees </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2.
There are two sorts of Cabinet committees, Standing Committees and Ad Hoc
Committees. Standing Cabinet Committee
is a board of trustees which is lasting in nature. Impromptu committees are
those committees which are brief in nature. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
These
committees are framed occasionally to manage uncommon issues. Once the
circumstance is settled by the significant advisory group, it is then broken
down. For instance, in 1962 after the Chinese intrusion, an Emergency panel was
setup. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
3.
Cabinet committees are shaped by the Prime Minister according to the
prerequisites of the circumstance and time.
Along these lines the quantity of such committees which vary every now
and then and their sythesis additionally differs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
4.
The quantity of individuals in a Cabinet panel can be anyplace between three
individuals to eight individuals. These
individuals are by and large cabinet ministers yet different ministers are
likewise not prohibited from such committees. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
5.
Such committees incorporate senior Cabinet ministers as well as those ministers
who are firmly identified with the current circumstance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
6.
The Cabinet committees are for the most part headed by the Prime Minister. In
any case, if the Prime Minister isn't an individual from a Cabinet advisory
group, at that point different individuals from the Cabinet can likewise be the
leader of the board, particularly the Finance Minister and the Home Minister. Notwithstanding,
at whatever point the Prime Minister is an individual from a Cabinet board of
trustees, he consequently turns into the director of the advisory group. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
7.
The fundamental goal of these committees is to look at and research the current
circumstances and furthermore make a few recommendations for the determination
of such issues. These recommendations are introduced to the Cabinet which at
that point takes the proper choice. This
does not imply that the Cabinet committees don't have the specialist to take
choices. In any case, any choice taken by the Cabinet advisory group can be
assessed by the Cabinet </div>
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8.
The Cabinet Committees fill in as a gadget to diminish the gigantic heap of
work that falls upon the Cabinet. Likewise,
with the plan of such committees, it is feasible for government to look at a
specific issue altogether so attractive outcomes can be accomplished. The
standard behind the arrangement of such groups is the division of work and proficient
assignment of workload. </div>
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9. A
portion of the vital standing committees are the Political Affairs board of
trustees, the Economic Affairs Committee, Appointments Committee and the
Parliamentary Affairs Committee. Out of these Committees, the initial three are
led by the Prime Minister himself while the Parliamentary Affairs Committee is
going by the Home Minister. The most intense Cabinet board of trustees is the
Political Affairs Committee which is otherwise called a Super Cabinet.</div>
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<b><u>Functions of the Standing Committees</u></b></h2>
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<b><i>Political
Affairs Committee: </i></b>This panel manages all arrangement making or
strategy modification matters including both residential and outside.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Economic
Affairs Committee:</i></b> This advisory group screens and looks at the
government's exercises in the monetary part.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Appointments
Committee:</i></b> This council manages all the more elevated amount
arrangements in The Central Secretariat, Public Enterprises and Financial
Organizations.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Parliamentary
Affairs Committee:</i></b> This council screens the advancement of the
government's business in the Parliament.</div>
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<b><u>Empowered group of ministers</u></b></h2>
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A
GoM is a gathering of ministers delegated either by the Prime Minister, the
Cabinet or the Cabinet Committees to research, analyze and propose answers for
a specific issue. </div>
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<br /></div>
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An
Empowered Group of Ministers or EGoM is a Group of Ministers who are approved
to take choices after fitting examination of the issue. </div>
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<br /></div>
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At
the end of the day, GoM just has the expert to examine and answer to the
Cabinet, which at that point makes the fitting strides and choices for the
determination. </div>
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Be
that as it may, an Empowered or approved GoM can likewise take the fitting
choices themselves to determine the issue that they have examined. </div>
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This
specialist is given to them by the consent of the building up body like the
Cabinet, the Cabinet committees or the Prime Minister. </div>
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Both
of these gathering of ministers are designated as per the Indian Transaction of
Business Rule, 1961. This rule accommodates an arrangement of setting up of an
Ad Hoc board of trustees of ministers, including Group of Ministers which might
be selected by the Cabinet, or the standing committees of the Cabinet like the
Parliamentary Affairs Committee and so on, or by the Prime Minister, to
research and report specifically to the Cabinet about issues which have been
appointed upon them. This arrangement is specified in para 6(4). </div>
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This
rule likewise expresses that all choices taken by such gathering of minister
and specially appointed committees are liable to be checked on by the Cabinet.</div>
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