Qiyas is an analogical deduction from the above three
sources of law. It is use of Human reasoning to compare on existing situtation
with one for which the legislation already exists. If a problem arises, which
none of these have dealt directly then the scholars try to find a law in any of
them, which has a similar cause, and classify the problem in the same manner.
Imam Abu Hanifa was the first to adopt this method for formulating law.
The Holy Quran has recognized the exercise of private
judgement. The Quran says, “They have hearts wherewith they understand not
eyes wherewith they see not and ears wherewith they hear not. The are as cattle
nay more misguided for they are heedles (of warning)”.
Again it says: “Take warning then, O you with eyes (to
see).” (59:2)!
Allah says, :There are signs in this for people who
understand”.
The Prophet (S.A.W) is reported to have encouraged it in his
lifetime. He asked Muad when he was deputed to Yemen as a governor, “How
will you decide when a matter comes to you for decision?” He replied, “I
shall decide according to book of Allah”. Prophet (S.A.W) said, “If you do not
find it in the book of Allah? Muad said, “Then according to the Sunnah of the
Prophet.” He asked, “If you find nothing therein”. “Then I will exert myself to
form my own judgement”.Muad replied. (Tirmidhi and Abu Daud).
According to another tradition the Prophet (S.A.W) is
reported to have told Abu Musa Al-Ashari, “Judge upon the Book of Allah, If
you do not find in it what you need, upon the Sunnah of the Prophet (S.A.W),
and if you do not find in that, also, then use you personal opinion”. (Tirmidhi,
Abu Daud).
Argument on Qiyas
The opponents of Qiyas argue that to consider Qiyas as an
additional evidence would be t9o consider the Quran insufficient, since the
Quran says “We have sent down to you the book as an explanation for every
thing”. (16:91).
They also argued on the basis of a tradition of the Prophet
(S.A.W) said, “The affairs of the sons of Israel have continued to prosper
until there multiplied among them the children of the war captives, for these
have measured (qasu) what did not exist on the basis of what did exist, and
they have erred and led others into error.”
But the supporters argue that all the companion of the
Prophet (S.A.W) and the followers have used Qiyas as a source of law and they
quote the verse of Quran in their support, “Take warning then O you with
eyes (to see).”. (59:2).
It is also argued that there is doubt about the “effective
cause” for which shariah value has been established because the revealed text
does not mention the causes and consequently one does not know what to use as a
basis for Qiyas, furthermore, God is not worshipped according to the dictate of
reasosn.
Components of Qiyas
v
The fundamental teaching on
which Qiyas is based (asl, root)
v
The subsidiary, the new
condition in question (fare:branch)
v
The cause that connects
both the cases (ilia)
v
The law that is extended to
the new case (Hukm)
v
This may be illustrated by
the following example
v
The fundamental teaching.
The Prophet (S.A.W) said “Every intoxicant is Khamr so every intoxicant is
haram”.
v
Far’e the (subsidiary)
:L.S.D cocaine opium and all other drugs
v
Ilia (the cause) connecting
them: intoxication
v
Hukam (Law): all these
drugs are declared haram (forbideen)
The conditions of Qiyas
v
That the value such as
prohibition which is to be extended to a new situation should not be expressly
limited to the original case.
v
That the value of the
original case should not have been against the rule of analogy.
v
The value whose extension
to a new shariah value is sought should be shariah established by the Quran
sunnah or Ijma but not another Qiyas.
v
The application of qiyas
should not result in the altering of the prescription because it would be
altering the divine precription on the basis of perosnal judgment.
Examples of Law Derived by Qiyas
Drugs like marijuana, LSD, cocaine and opium were not found
during the time of the Prophet (S.A.W)
so nothing directly was said about them. However, the Prophet (S.A.W)
had said, Every intoxicant is Khamr, so every intoxicant is Haram”.
Since
these drugs are highly intoxicating, they are all declared haram. Another
example is that Wudu is not valid even if the smallest portion of the body,
which has to be washed remains dry. According to a tradition reported by Aisha
(R.A) if flour is dried on the nails and water has not reached any portion of
that nail, Wudu would not be considered to have taken place, so applying this
in the case of nail polish, the Wudu is not conisdered to have taken place as
the nails remain dry.
Conclusion
Thus Istihsan is an efficient method of legal reasoning that
ensures analytical consistency in the system and helps the Jurists identify
general principles and exception besides giving important to the consequence
(result) of the decision.
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