It
is very difficult to provide any suitable and scientific definition of the state
for states, for states in different ages of human history exhibit attributes
defying synthesis.
Cicero
“State
is a numerous society united by a common sense of right and mutual participation
in advantages.”
Bluntschli
“The
state is the politically organized people of a definite territory.”
W
Wilson
“State
is the people organized for law within a definite territory.”
Independent of States
The various
kinds of states are as under
Independent
States
Independent
states enjoy complete freedom from the interference of external agencies in
their internal and external affairs. They have freedom to enter into treatise and
pacts with other states. They can like part in it conferences and conventions
on the basis of equality. They can declare war with conventions on the basis of
equality. They can declare war with other nations and can be friend any nation
they like. In other words, there is no check in the will and discretion of
independent states. Independent states are called sovereign states in international
Law.
Dependent
States
A dependent
(non-sovereign) state, according to Salmond, is one “which is not complete and self-existent,
but is merely a constituent portion of a greater state which includes both it
and others, and to whose government it is subject.”In simple words, they are
imperfect subjects of international Law.
Kinds of states
Dependent
states have been classified into following categories viz,
i.
Visual State
A
vassal state is one which is completely under the control of another state.
While enjoying a certain amount of autonomy in the management of domestic
affairs, with respect of foreign affairs, such states are controlled and
directed by the protecting state.
ii.
Protectorates
In
the case of a protectorate, a weak state seeks the protection of a strong state
by the conclusion of a treaty, with the result that the important international
business is left to the protecting state. The protecting state exercises a varying
measure of control over the external relations of the weak state depending upon
the provisions of the treaty. Oppenheim calls the relationship a kind of
international guardianship.
iii.
Condominium
A condominium
exists when two or more external powers exercise joint dominium over a particular
territory. According to Oppenheim, In the case of condominium, a piece of
territory is under the joint tenancy of two or more states, these several
states exercising sovereignty co-jointly over it, over the individuals living
thereon.
Function of state
The
functions of state can be divided into three main categories.
a.
Protective Functions
Protective
or police functions are those indispensable and essential activities of the
state upon which its existence depends, such as the preservation of external
security and the maintenance of internal peace and order.
b.
Welfare Functions
It
is now generally admitted that the state has a define responsibility for the
material welfare of its members. To achieve this end, the state undertaker many
educational and other welfare schemes for the betterment of the people.
c.
Economic Function
State
is the direct agent of the economic life of the community. It endeavors to
improve or doctor the existing economic order. State undertakes the regulation
of trade, commence, money market and credit agencies. Laws are also enacted to
prevent malpractices in the economic filed.
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