Under Islamic law, different categories of crimes have been
mentioned. One of these categories is qisas crimes. Against commission of such
crimes, Islamic law recommends severe punishment and this punishment is called
qisas.
Relevant Provisions
Sections 299(K), 302, 304, 306, 307, 313, 314, 334, 336,
337, 338 of P.P.C. 1860.
Meaning
Qisas means to copy the other or to follow the path
followed by the other or to act like the act of another.
It also means equality. Qisas is a form of retaliation where
the person is caused similar hurt as he had caused to another.
Definition
Literally, means equal or balance. Legally it means
infliction of similar hurt at same part of body of convict as he has caused to
victim or causing of convict’s death in case of qatl-e-amd.
Quranic Perspective
The concept has been provided to us the Holy Quran itself where it states;
(i) Surah Baqra Verse No. 178:
O ye, who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in
matter of murder.
(ii )Surah Al Maida Verse No. 45:
And we prescribed for them therein; the life for the life,
and the eye for the eye, and the nose for the nose and the ear for the ear and
the tooth for the tooth and for wounds retaliation.
Waiver of Qisas
Following cases can be mentioned as far as waiver is concerned;
In case of qatl-i-amd, an adult sane wali can waive his
right of qisas at any time and without any compensation. However, right of
qisas should not be waived when wali is government or when right of qisas vests
in a minor or insane.
(ii) More Than One Wali
If a victim has more than one wali, any one of them can
waive his right of qisas. However, wali, who does not waive right of qisas,
should be entitled to his share of diyat.
(iii) More Than One Victim
If there are more than one victim, waiver of right of qisas
by wali of one victim should not affect right of qisas of wali of other victim.
(iv) More Than One Offender
If there are more than one offenders, waiver of right of
qisas against one offender should not affect right of qisas against other
offenders.
Compounding of Qisas
Following cases can be mentioned as far as compounding of
qisas is concerned;
(i) An adult sane wali
In case of qatl-i-amd, an adult sane wali can compound his
right of qisas at any time on accepting badl-i-sulh. However, a female should
not be given in marriage or otherwise in badl-isulh.
(ii) Minor or Insane Wali
When a wali is a minor or an insane, wali of such minor or
insane wali can compound right of qisas on behalf of such minor or insane wali.
However, value of badi-i-sulh should not be less than vale of Diyat.
(iii) Government As Wali
When Government is wali, it can compound right of qisas.
However, value of badi-i-sulh should not be less than value of diyat.
(iv) Qisas and Diyat
When badl-i-sulh has not been determined or is a property or
a right value of which cannot be determined in terms of money under Shariah,
right of qisas should be deemed to have been compounded and offender should be
liable to diyat.
(v) Payment of Badl-i-Sulh
Badl-i-sulh can be paid or can be given on demand or can be
given on a deferred date according to agreement between offender and wali.
Conclusion
To conclude, it can be stated that Holy Quran suggests that
one should seek compensation and should not demand retribution. In addition to
this, Holy Quran also specifies retaliation through principle of qisas. It
reveals that Holy Quran not only explains concept of diyat, but also explains
concept of qisas.
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